Table 3.
Risk of bias of included systematic reviews
| Main indication | Study | AMSTAR item | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | High quality | |
| Herniated disc | Gibson and Waddell [13] (HNP) | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y |
| Hirsch et al. [15] | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | n/a | N | N | ||
| Jacobs et al. [17] | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | ? | Y | N | Y | |
| Lewis et al. [23] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | |
| Nellensteijn et al. [29] | N | Y | Y | ? | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | |
| Spondylolisthesis | Jacobs et al. [18] | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | n/a | N | N | |
| Martin et al. [24] | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | |
| Stenosis | Kovacs et al. [20] | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | a |
| Moojen et al. [28] | N | Y | Y | ? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | |
| DDD | van den Eerenbeemt et al. [41] | N | Y | Y | ? | Y | Y | Y | Y | n/a | N | N | Y |
| Yajun et al. [48] | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | ||
| Combinations | Chou et al. [7] (HD, DDD, stenosis) | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | n/a | N | Y | Y |
| Gibson and Waddell [12] (Spl) (DDD, stenosis) | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | |
Y yes, meets requirement; N no, does not meet requirement; n/a not applicable; DDD degenerative disc disease; HD herniated disc; SPL spondylolisthesis
aQuality was decreased because of inconsistencies in the evaluation