Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Sample size | Mean age | Gender (f/m) | Dose | Operative interventions | Blood transfusion protocol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elwatidy et al. [18] | ||||||
| TXA | 32 | 51.56 ± 19.08 | 11/21 | 2 g (for adults) or 30 mg/kg (for children) | Multiple level anterior cervical discectomy with or without fixation; spinal decompression or fixation; laminectomy and excision of spinal tumor | Hb < 90 g/L or HCT < 27 % |
| Placebo | 32 | 49.75 ± 21.04 | 14/18 | |||
| Farrokhi et al. [19] | ||||||
| TXA | 38 | 45.5 ± 11.6 | 11/7 | 10 mg/kg | Posterior thoracic or lumbar instrumented spinal fusion of 4–6 vertebrae | Unclear |
| Placebo | 38 | 51.4 ± 11.6 | 27/11 | |||
| Neilipovitz et al. [20] | ||||||
| TXA | 22 | 14.1 ± 2.1 | 13/5 | 10 mg/kg bolus, then 1 mg/kg/h until skin closure | Posterior spinal fusion | Hb < 70 g/L |
| Placebo | 18 | 13.7 ± 2.5 | 10/12 | |||
| Sethna et al. [21] | ||||||
| TXA | 23 | 13.6 ± 1.8 | 6/17 | 100 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg/h until skin closure | Spinal instrumentation | HCT < 25 % |
| Placebo | 21 | 14.0 ± 12.0 | 8/13 | |||
| Tsutsumimoto et al. [22] | ||||||
| TXA | 20 | 68.0 ± 11.0 | 4/16 | 15 mg/kg | Cervical laminoplasty | Unclear |
| Placebo | 20 | 65.8 ± 11.8 | 5/15 | |||
| Wong et al. [23] | ||||||
| TXA | 73 | 56.8 ± 16.2 | 52/21 | 10 mg/kg, then 1 mg/kg/h until skin closure | Posterior thoracic/lumbar Instrumented spinal fusions |
Hb < 70 g/L |
| Placebo | 74 | 50.0 ± 16.2 | 48/26 | |||