Fig. 2.

Nucleo-cytoskeletal interactions through LINC complexes. SUN-KASH pairs (dark and light blue) and their connections to the cytoskeleton in mammals (a), C. elegans (b), and D. melanogaster (c). Trimeric organization of SUN domain proteins (Sosa et al. 2012) has been omitted for clarity. Giant KASH domain proteins directly bind to actin (red) (Zhang et al. 2002; Zhang et al. 2001; Zhen et al. 2002; Padmakumar et al. 2004; Volk 1992; Starr and Han 2002). Intermediate filaments (orange) and microtubules (green) are linked via plectin (Ketema et al. 2007; Wilhelmsen et al. 2005) and motor proteins (Schneider et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2009; Meyerzon et al. 2009a; Fridolfsson et al. 2010), respectively. C. elegans ZYG-12A directly associates with the centrosome (Malone et al. 2003). D. melanogaster Klarsicht colocalizes with microtubules, but their molecular connection has not been characterized (Fischer et al. 2004). Spag4 cooperates with the coiled-coil protein Yuri Gagarin and dynein, potentially via a KASH domain protein (Kracklauer et al. 2010). Question marks indicate that the specific protein or structure involved in the depicted complexes has not yet been defined