Table 1.
Functions of LINC complexes
| Cytoplasmic factors | KASH domain proteins | SUN domain proteins | Nucleoplasmic factors | Functions | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vertebrates | Actin | Nesprin-1 giant | SUN1/2 | nd | Nuclear anchorage in muscle fibers | (Grady et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2007b; Lei et al. 2009) |
| Dynein, kinesin-1 | Nesprin-1/2 | SUN1/2 | nd | Nucleus-centrosome attachment and nuclear migration in neural progenitors | (Zhang et al. 2009) | |
| Dynein, kinesin-1 | Nesprin-2 | SUN1/2 | nd | Nuclear migration in photoreceptor progenitors | (Yu et al. 2011; Razafsky et al. 2012) | |
| Actin | Nesprin-2 giant | SUN2 | Lamin A/C | Formation of TAN lines, polarization of cultured cells | (Folker et al. 2011; Luxton et al. 2010; Luke et al. 2008) | |
| Kinesin-1 | Nesprin-2 | SUN1/2 | Lamin A/C | Cytoskeletal organization, nucleus-centrosome attachment, polarization of cultured cells | (Schneider et al. 2011; Lombardi et al. 2011; Rashmi et al. 2011) | |
| nd | Nesprin-2 | SUN1/2 | nd | Cell proliferation and differentiation during wound healing in vivo | (Rashmi et al. 2011) | |
| nd | Nesprin-1, other Nesprins | SUN1/2 | nd | Mechanics and force transduction in cultured cells | (Stewart-Hutchinson et al. 2008; Lombardi et al. 2011; Anno et al. 2012) | |
| Plectin | Nesprin-3α | SUN1/2 | Lamin A/C | Cytoskeletal organization, nucleus-centrosome attachment, polarization of cultured cells | (Ketema et al. 2007; Morgan et al. 2011; Wilhelmsen et al. 2005; Postel et al. 2011) | |
| nd | Nesprin-1/2/3 | SUN1/2 | nd | Organization of NE morphology in cultured cells | (Crisp et al. 2006) | |
| nd | Nesprin-1/2 giant and Nesprin-3 | SUN1/2 | nd | Nuclear size control in cultured cells | (Lu et al. 2012) | |
| nd | nd | SUN1/2 | DNAPK | DNA damage response in primary cells | (Lei et al. 2012) | |
| Kinesin-1 | Nesprin-4 | SUN1 | nd | Nuclear positioning in outer hair cells of the cochlea | (Roux et al. 2009; Horn et al. 2013) | |
| Dynein | KASH 5 | SUN1 | nd | Tethering of telomeres to the NE in meiosis | (Morimoto et al. 2012; Ding et al. 2007; Boateng et al. 2013) | |
| nd | LRMP | nd | nd | Pronucleus-centrosome attachment and pronuclear congression in the zygote | (Lindeman and Pelegri 2012) | |
| nd | Nesprin-3 | SUN1η | nd | Sperm development | (Gob et al. 2010) | |
| nd | Nesprin-1 | SUN3 | nd | Sperm development | (Gob et al. 2010) | |
| C. elegans | Actin | ANC-1 | UNC-84 | nd | Nuclear anchorage in syncytia | (Starr and Han 2002; Malone et al. 1999) |
| Dynein, kinesin-1 | UNC-83 | UNC-84 | nd | Nuclear migration in various cell types | (Starr et al. 2001; Fridolfsson et al. 2010; McGee et al. 2006; Meyerzon et al. 2009a; Malone et al. 1999) | |
| Dynein, ZYG-12A | ZYG-12 | SUN-1 | nd | Pronucleus-centrosome attachment and pronuclear congression in the zygote | (Malone et al. 1999; Minn et al. 2009) | |
| Dynein | ZYG-12 | SUN-1 | nd | Cytoskeletal organization and nuclear positioning in the gonad | (Zhou et al. 2009) | |
| Dynein | ZYG-12 | SUN-1 | HIM-8/ZIM1-3 | Tethering of chromosomes to the NE in meiosis | (Labella et al. 2011; Penkner et al. 2007; Penkner et al. 2009; Sato et al. 2009) | |
| nd | KDP-1 | SUN-1/ UNC-84 | nd | Cell cycle regulation in the germline and the embryo | (McGee et al. 2009) | |
| nd | nd | SUN-1 | nd | Apoptosis in the embryo | (Tzur et al. 2006) | |
| D. melanogaster | Actin, microtubules | MSP-300, Klarsicht | Klaroid | nd | Nuclear anchorage in muscle fibers | (Technau and Roth 2008; Rosenberg-Hasson et al. 1996; Volk 1992; Elhanany-Tamir et al. 2012) |
| Microtubules | Klarsicht | Klaroid | Lamin Dm(0) | Nucleus-centrosome attachment and nuclear migration during eye development | (Kracklauer et al. 2007; Mosley-Bishop et al. 1999; Patterson et al. 2004) | |
| Yuri Gagarin, dynein | nd | Spag-4 | nd | Nucleus-centrosome attachment during spermatogenesis | (Kracklauer et al. 2010) | |
| S. pombe | nd | Kms1, Kms2 | Sad1 | nd | SPB integrity, mitotic spindle formation | (Hagan and Yanagida 1995; Miki et al. 2004; Shimanuki et al. 1997) |
| nd | nd | Sad1 | Csi1 | Tethering of centromeres to the NE in interphase | (Hou et al. 2012) | |
| Dynein | Kms1 | Sad1 | Bqt1, Bqt2 | Tethering of telomeres to the NE in meiosis | (Chikashige et al. 2006; Shimanuki et al. 1997) | |
| S. cerevisiae | nd | Mps2 | Mps3 | nd | SPB integrity and duplication, mitotic spindle formation | (Jaspersen et al. 2002; Jaspersen et al. 2006; Munoz-Centeno et al. 1999; Winey et al. 1991; Friederichs et al. 2011) |
| nd | nd | Mps3 | Sir4 | Tethering of telomeres to the NE during vegetative growth | (Bupp et al. 2007) | |
| nd | nd | Mps3 | Sir4, Ebp2, Rrs1 | Clustering of tethered telomeres at the NE | (Horigome et al. 2011) | |
| nd | nd | Mps3 | Telomerase, Ku70/80 | Tethering of telomeres to the NE during vegetative growth | (Schober et al. 2009; Antoniacci et al. 2007) | |
| nd | nd | Mps3 | Telomerase, Ku70/Ku80 | Tethering of DNA double strand breaks to the NE | (Oza et al. 2009) | |
| nd | nd | Mps3 | TFIIIC | Tethering of extra TFIIIC sites to the NE | (Hiraga et al. 2012) | |
| nd | nd | Mps3 | Ctf7 | Sister chromatid cohesion | (Antoniacci et al. 2004) | |
| nd | nd | Mps3 | Replication factor C, Htz1 | Potentially sister chromatid cohesion or DNA repair | (Haas et al. 2012) | |
| Actin | Csm4 | Mps3 | Ndj1 | Tethering of telomeres to the NE in meiosis | (Conrad et al. 2008; Conrad et al. 2007; Kosaka et al. 2008; Wanat et al. 2008) | |
| A. thaliana | AtRanGAP1 | AtWIP1-3 | AtSUN1/2 | nd | Anchorage of AtRanGAP1 at the NE, maintenance of nuclear shape | (Zhou et al. 2012) |
The table lists characterized functions of LINC complexes in model organisms, the involved SUN and KASH domain proteins, as well as their cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic interaction partners. For SUN and KASH domain proteins written in bold, the respective functions have directly been demonstrated; others have been implicated indirectly
nd not defined