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Hypothetical model illustrating the role of extracellular histones in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through TLR9 in liver I/R injury. During liver I/R injury, extracellular histones are sensed by TLR9, which initiates the cellular and mitochondrial ROS production. ROS then activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome further regulates innate immune cells in liver I/R.
