Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| MDD (n = 25) |
HC(n = 25) |
Between-group statistics |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 | U | F | p | ||||
| Female | n | 16 | 17 | .09 | .78 | ||
| AMC/LUMC/UMCG | n | 8/10/7 | 8/10/7 | .00 | 1 | ||
| Age | Years; mean (SD) | 33.9 (9.9) | 37.2 (10) | 1.39 | .24 | ||
| Education | Years; mean (SD) | 12.9 (2.6) | 13.8 (2.3) | 1.31 | .26 | ||
| Recurrent MDD | N | 15 | – | – | |||
| Age of onset | Years; mean (SD) | 25 (11) | – | – | |||
| MADRS | Mean (SD) | 14.4 (10.2) | .9 (1.7) | 60 | < .001 | ||
| Range | 0–33 | 0–6 | – | ||||
| IDS_T2 | Mean (SD) | 19.2 (11.9) | 3.8 (3.3) | 62 | < .001 | ||
| Range | 2–39 | 0–11 | – | ||||
| IDS_T1 | Mean (SD) | 28.5 (10.5) | 5.3 (2.8) | 38.5 | < .001 | ||
| Range | 2–47 | 0.10 | – | ||||
| BAI | Mean (SD) | 8.5 (7) | 2.3 (2.2) | 107 | < .001 | ||
| Range | 0–26 | 0–8 | – | ||||
| VAS | Mean (SD) | 24.8 (20.4) | 24 (22.3) | 293 | .89 | ||
| Range | 0–65 | 0–80 | – | ||||
| # volumes | Mean (SD) | 168.8 (18.8) | 163.9 (22.3) | .69 | .41 | ||
| Range | 128–207 | 138–240 | – | ||||
| Classification behavior | |||||||
| # words_pos | Mean (SD) | 38.5 (10.5) | 45.3 (9.5) | 6.08 | .02 | ||
| # words_neg | Mean (SD) | 40 (2.5) | 40.1 (6.4) | .01 | .93 | ||
| # words_neu | Mean (SD) | 47.1 (11.0) | 39.2 (9.6) | 7.22 | .01 | ||
| rt pos | Sec; mean (SD) | 1.52 (.33) | 1.36 (.28) | 3.18 | .08 | ||
| rt neg | Sec; mean (SD) | 1.28 (.27) | 1.27 (.44) | .01 | .93 | ||
| rt neu | Sec; mean (SD) | 1.66 (.39) | 1.55 (.36) | .96 | .33 | ||
| NEO-FFI score s | |||||||
| Extraversion | Mean (SD) | 34 (7.3) | 42.9 (6.5) | 20.81 | < .001 | ||
| Neuroticism | Mean (SD) | 40.4 (8.1) | 25 (4.3) | 70.72 | < .001 | ||
| Openness | Mean (SD) | 32.4 (5.7) | 31.7 (4.8) | .23 | .63 | ||
| Conscientiousness | Mean (SD) | 35.2 (7.5) | 41.8 (3.9) | 14.98 | < .001 | ||
| Agreeableness | Mean (SD) | 42 (4.8) | 45.6 (5) | 6.39 | .02 | ||
MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; HC: healthy controls; AMC: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; LUMC: Leiden University Medical Center; UMCG: University Medical Center Groningen; MADRS: Montgomery Åsberg Rating Scale; IDS: Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; T1: time of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety baseline interview; T2: time of Magnetic Resonance Imaging session; # volumes: number of volumes acquired during the word classification task; # words_pos/neg/neu: number of words classified as positive, negative, or neutral; rt pos/neg/neu; response time of classifying positive/negative/neutral words; U: Mann–Whitney U non-parametric test statistic; χ2: chi-square test statistic; F: one-way ANOVA statistic.