Table 5. Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) estimate of Plasmodium vivax on the Indian subcontinent.

Divergence time scenario	Synonymous substitutions rate (dS)	TMRCA lower limits (yrs)	TMRCA upper limits (yrs)	Theta (θ)	Ne lower limits	Ne upper limits	TMRCA estimates of P. vivax in India based on mt genome (yrs)
							*Jongwutiwes et al. [14]	*Mu et al. [15]	#Cornejo et al. [50]
23–30 mya	0.004±0.001	232288±58072	303030±75757	0.002076±0.00059	79235±22657	104008±29559	13,000–17,000	122,700–164,900	143 400–192 600
3.8–6.3 mya		38387±9596	63897±15923		13172±3747	21898±6223
2–3 mya		20202±5050	30303±7575		6929±1969	10400±2933

^*: The TMRCA of Indian P. vivax is estimated by Cornejo et al, #: TMRCA estimates analyzed by joining data of Jongwutiwe et al 2005, and Mu et al 2005.