Table 2. Association of coffee consumption with incident liver cancer and mortality from chronic liver disease, ATBC Study (Presented as RRs and 95% CIs).
|
Incident liver cancer | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never drinkers | >0–<1 cupper day | 1–<2 cups per day | 2–<3 cups per day | 3–<4 cups per day | ⩾4 cups per day | P-trend | Cups per day | |
| No. of cases/all |
9/667 |
36/3094 |
60/7204 |
47/8086 |
22/4515 |
20/3471 |
|
|
| Unadjusted | 1.24 | 1.00 | 0.68 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.44 | <0.0001 | 0.78 |
| |
0.60–2.58 |
Reference |
0.45–1.03 |
0.29–0.70 |
0.22–0.63 |
0.26–0.77 |
|
0.70–0.88 |
| Multivariablea | 1.35 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.53 | 0.0007 | 0.82 |
| 0.65–2.82 | Reference | 0.48–1.12 | 0.33–0.82 | 0.26–0.78 | 0.30–0.95 | 0.73–0.93 | ||
|
Mortality from chronic liver disease | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never drinkers | >0–<1 cup per day | 1–<2 cups per day | 2–<3 cups per day | 3–<4 cups per day | ⩾4 cups per day | P-trend | Cups per day | |
| No. of cases/all |
10/667 |
75/3094 |
68/7204 |
39/8086 |
15/4515 |
6/3471 |
|
|
| Unadjusted | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.07 | <0.0001 | 0.52 |
| |
0.34–1.27 |
Reference |
0.27–0.52 |
0.13–0.27 |
0.07–0.22 |
0.03–0.15 |
|
0.46–0.59 |
| Multivariablea | 0.73 | 1.00 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.08 | <0.0001 | 0.55 |
| 0.38–1.42 | Reference | 0.31–0.62 | 0.15–0.35 | 0.08–0.26 | 0.03–0.18 | 0.48–0.63 | ||
Abbreviations: ATBC= Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention; BMI=body mass index.
a
Adjusted for ATBC intervention arm (categorical), age (continuous), BMI (continuous), education (elementary school education or less, higher than elementary school education), marital status (currently married, not), history of diabetes (yes, no), years of smoking (continuous), cigarettes smoked per day (continuous), alcohol (continuous), tea intake (non-drinkers, drink up to 6 oz, drink >6 oz) and serum cholesterol (continuous).