Table 3. Association of coffee by preparation type with incident liver cancer and mortality from chronic liver disease, ATBC Study (Presented as RRs and 95% CIs).

Incident liver cancer
Filtered method of preparing coffeea	>0–<1 cup per day	1–<2 cups per day	2–<3 cups per day	3–<4 cups per day	⩾4 cups per day	P-trend	Cups per day
No. of cases/all	16/1467	34/4081	26/4575	9/2595	12/1931
	1.00	0.80	0.54	0.34	0.61	0.03	0.82
	Reference	0.44–1.47	0.29–1.03	0.15–0.78	0.28–1.34		0.69–0.98
Boiled method of preparing coffeea	>0 to <1 cup per day	1 to <2 cups per day	2 to <3 cups per day	3 to <4 cups per day	≥4 cups per day	P-trend	Cups per day
No. of cases/all	7/427	10/1016	5/1358	7/781	4/667
	1.00	0.60	0.25	0.60	0.40	0.19	0.85
	Reference	0.23–1.57	0.08–0.80	0.21–1.75	0.12–1.40		0.65–1.11

Mortality from chronic liver disease
Filtered method of preparing coffeeb	>0–<1 cup per day	1–<2 cups per day	2–<3 cups per day	3–<4 cups per day	⩾4 cups per day	P-trend	Cups per day
No. of cases/all	28/1467	30/4081	17/4575	7/2595	2/1931
	1.00	0.43	0.22	0.14	0.05	<0.0001	0.50
	Reference	0.25–0.73	0.12–0.40	0.06–0.33	0.01–0.22		0.40–0.63
Boiled method of preparing coffeeb	>0–<1 cup per day	1–<2 cups per day	2–<3 cups per day	3–<4 cups per day	⩾4 cups per day	P-trend	Cups per day
No. of cases/all	7/427	8/1016	5/1358	2/781	2/667
	1.00	0.52	0.26	0.16	0.19	0.005	0.62
	Reference	0.19–1.45	0.08–0.82	0.03–0.79	0.04–0.94		0.43–0.88

Abbreviations: ATBC= Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention; BMI=body mass index.

^aAdjusted for intake of coffee prepared by boiling (categorical), never drinker (yes, no), other coffee intake (yes, no), ATBC intervention arm (categorical), age (continuous), BMI (continuous), education (elementary school education or less, higher than elementary school education), marital status (currently married, not), history of diabetes (yes, no), years of smoking (continuous), cigarettes smoked per day (continuous), alcohol (continuous), tea intake (non-drinkers, drink up to 6 oz, drink >6 oz) and serum cholesterol (continuous).

^bAdjusted for intake of coffee prepared by filtering (categorical), never drinker (yes, no), other coffee intake (yes, no), ATBC intervention arm (categorical), age (continuous), BMI (continuous), education (elementary school education or less, higher than elementary school education), marital status (currently married, not), history of diabetes (yes, no), years of smoking (continuous), cigarettes smoked per day (continuous), alcohol (continuous), tea intake (non-drinkers, drink up to 6 oz, drink >6 oz) and serum cholesterol (continuous).