TABLE 1.

Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies in children¹

Reference	Study population and location	Sample size	Mean ± SD baseline age or age range	Duration	Dietary assessment method	Outcome assessment method	Study question	Covariates	Adjusted for energy
Ludwig, 2001 (16)	Intervention and Evaluation Project, Planet Health, Massachusetts	548	11.7 ± 0.8 y	19 mo	FFQ	BMI based on measured height and weight	Change in SSBs from baseline to end of follow-up and BMI at end of follow-up	Baseline BMI, age, sex, ethnicity, school, percentage of energy from fat and energy-adjusted fruit juice intake at baseline and change from baseline to follow-up, physical activity, television, and change in television from baseline to follow-up	No
Berkey, 2004 (17)	Growing Up Today Study (GUTs), 50 states, USA	11,703	9–14 y	2 y	132-item FFQ	Self-reported BMI	1-y change in SSB intake and change in BMI	Age, Tanner stage, race, menarche (girls), prior BMI z score, height growth, milk type, physical activity, inactivity, diet soda juice, milk	No
Newby, 2004 (8)	North Dakota, Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), USA	1345	2–5 y	6–12 mo	84-item FFQ	BMI based on measured height and weight	SSB intake at baseline and change in BMI between baseline and end of follow-up	Age, sex, total energy, ethnicity, residence, level of poverty, maternal education, and birth weight	Yes
Blum, 2005 (7)	Nebraska schoolchildren, USA	166	9.3 ± 1.0 y	2 y	24-h diet recall	BMI z score based on measured height and weight	SSB intake and year 2 BMI z score	Baseline BMI z score, age, sex, age × sex, baseline and year 2 milk, juice, diet soda, SSBs, total calories	Yes
Mundt, 2006 (9)	University of Saskatchewan's Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study, Canada	208	8–15 y	7 y	24-h diet recall	Fat mass (kg) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry	SSB intake at each measurement occasion and change in fat mass (kg) over time	Age, fat-free mass, physical activity, adjusted total energy adjusted for SSBs	Yes, but SSBs removed from total energy
Striegal-Moore,2006 (10)	National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, California, Ohio, Maryland, USA	2379 girls	9–10 y	10 y	3-d diet records	BMI based on measured height and weight	SSB intake at each measurement occasion and change in BMI over time	Milk, diet soda, fruit juice, fruit drinks, coffee/tea, site, visit (proxy for age), race, and total energy	Yes
Viner, 2006 (18)	1970 British cohort, UK	4461	16 y	14 y	Questionnaire, intake the day before	BMI z score based on measured height and weight at baseline and self-reported at end of follow-up	SSB at baseline and BMI z score at the end of follow-up	Baseline BMI z score, sex, SES, and height at baseline and end of follow-up	No
Johnson, 2007 (11)	Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, UK	682	5 y	4 y	Parent-administered 3-d unweighed diet records	Fat mass (kg) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry	SSB intake at age 5 y and fat mass (kg) at age 9 y	Sex, height at 9 y, BMI at baseline, television, maternal education, paternal class, maternal BMI, paternal BMI, misreporting of energy intake, dietary energy density, percentage of energy from fat, and fiber density	No
Laurson, 2008 (15)	Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, rural USA	268	10 y	18 mo	Diet and lifestyle questionnaire	BMI based on measured height and weight	Change in SSB intake and change in BMI from baseline to end of follow-up	Age, baseline BMI, change in height, ethnicity, and state of residence	No
Libuda, 2008 (12)	DONALD study, Germany	244	Girls: 11.8 ± 1.5 y; boys: 11.9 ± 1.6 y	5 y	Self- and parent-administered 3-d weighed diet records	BMI-SDS based on measured height and weight	1-y change in SSB intake and change in BMI-SDS	Time and age	No
Vanselow, 2009 (19)	Project EAT (Eating Among Teens) II Minnesota, USA	2294	14.9 y	5 y	149-item FFQ	Self-reported BMI	SSBs at end of follow-up and change in BMI from baseline to end of follow-up	Age, sex, race, SES, baseline BMI, baseline SSBs	No
Carlson, 2012 (21)	Control group of a community-based obesity-prevention program California, USA	254	6.7 ± 0.7 y	2 y	Parent-administered diet and lifestyle questionnaire	BMI z score based on measured height and weight	Change in SSB intake and change in BMI z score from baseline to end of follow-up	Age, sex, ethnicity, parent education, height	No
Laska, 2012 (14)	Identifying Determinants of Eating and Activity (IDEA) and the Etiology of Childhood Obesity (ECHO) studies, Minnesota, USA	693	14.6 y	2 y	24-h diet recall	BMI based on measured height and weight	Change in SSB intake and change in BMI from baseline to end of follow-up	Physical activity, puberty, race, parental education, eligibility for free/reduced-price lunch, age, and study	No
Olsen, 2012 (13)	European Youth Heart Study, Denmark	359	9.6 y	6 y	24-h diet recall, supplemented with FFQ, diet record	BMI z score based on measured height and weight	SSB intake at baseline and change in BMI z score between baseline and follow-up	Baseline anthropometric measures, total intake of complex carbohydrates, total intake of fat, maternal SES, maternal SES × sex, started puberty, physical activity, sex, intake of solid sucrose	No

¹DONALD, DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed; FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; SDS, SD score; SES, socioeconomic status; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.