TABLE 2.

Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies in adults¹

Reference	Study population and location	Sample size	Mean ± SD baseline age and/or age range	Duration	Dietary assessment method	Outcome assessment method	Study question	Covariates	Adjusted for energy
French, 1994 (23)	Healthy Worker Project, USA	3552	Women: 37.3 ± 10.7 y; men: 39.1 ± 9.8 y	2 y	18-item FFQ	Measured by investigators	Change in SSB consumption and body weight changes (lb) from baseline to end of follow-up	Age, education, marital status, job, treatment group, dieting history, baseline weight, physical activity, smoking change, certain food items (dairy, grains, sweets, alcohol, meat, eggs, fats, French fries)	No
Nooyens, 2005 (24)	The Doetinchem Cohort Study, Netherlands	288 men	50–65 y	5 y	178-item FFQ	Measured by investigators	Change in SSB consumption and body weight changes (kg) from baseline to end of follow-up	Retirement, type of job, interaction between retirement and type of job, age, smoking, base level of the behavior, physical activity, potatoes, fruit, breakfast, fiber density	No
Palmer, 2008 (25)	Black Women's Health Study (BWHS), USA	43,960 women	21–69; 38.4 ± ∼10.0 y	6 y	68-item FFQ at baseline and 6 y later	Self-reported	Change in SSB consumption and body weight changes (kg) from baseline to end of follow-up	Age; smoking; years of education; physical activity; family history of diabetes; baseline BMI; intake of red meat, processed meat, cereal fiber, and coffee; glycemic index; changes in physical activity; cigarette smoking; dietary factors from 1995 to 2001; and the other types of beverages	No
Stookey, 2008 (28)	The Stanford A TO Z weight-loss intervention, USA	173 premenopausal overweight women	25–50 y	1 y	Three unannounced 24-h diet recalls at baseline and follow-up	Measured by investigators	Change in SSB consumption and body weight changes (kg) from baseline to end of follow-up	Age, race-ethnicity, baseline status, diet treatment group, energy expenditure, energy intake from food, and food macronutrient and water composition	No
Chen, 2009 (26)	PREMIER: Lifestyle Interventions for Blood Pressure Control trial, USA	810 adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension	50 ± 8.9 y; 25–79	1.5 y	Two 24-h recalls at baseline, 6 mo, and 18 mo	Measured by investigators	Change in SSB consumption and body weight changes (kg) from baseline to end of follow-up	Baseline sex, race, age, income, education, marital and employment status, BMI status, intervention group, concurrent change in fitness, physical activity, and changes in other beverage intakes (diet drinks, milk, coffee and tea, alcoholic beverages)	No
Mozaffarian, 2011 (29)	NHS, NHS II, and HPFS, USA	NHS: 50,422; NHS II: 47,898; HPFS: 22,557	NHS: 52.2 ± 7.2 y; NHS II: 37.5 ± 4.1 y; HPFS: 50.8 ± 7.5 y	NHS: 20 y; NHS II: 12 y; HPFS: 20 y	133–165-item FFQ	Self-reported	Change in SSB consumption and body weight changes (lb) from baseline to the end of follow-up over 4-y periods	Age, baseline BMI at the beginning of each 4-y period, sleep duration, changes in physical activity, alcohol use, television use, smoking, and all of the dietary factors	No
Barone Gibbs, 2012 (27)	Women on the Move through Activity and Nutrition, (WOMAN) Study, USA	481 overweight and obese postmenopausal women	57 ± 2.9	4 y	32-item FFQ	Measured by investigators	Change in SSB consumption and body weight changes (kg) from baseline to end of follow-up	Group, baseline weight, baseline eating behavior values, baseline physical activity (author correspondence)	No

¹FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.