Fig. 3.

Two-dimensional MDS plots, drawn using data from: (a) 321 bp of cytb, and (b) 251 bp of CR, summarising genetic distances among the modern red fox populations. (a) The proportion of the data explaining the first two principal coordinates, the R² value, is 87.0%. Hierarchical groupings as calculated by SAMOVA (K values 2–5) are shown, highlighting the independence of the Holland and British Isles cluster to increasing values of K. (b) The proportion of the data explaining the first two principal coordinates, the R² value, is 82.6%. For this rapidly mutating marker, the best hierarchical grouping improves as K is increased, until K = 14, where only neighbouring Germany and Switzerland, and the British Isles cluster together (as shown).