Table 2.

One-Way ANCOVA Comparing T Scores in NF and Med Groups on DSM IV ADHD Scales After Treatment (T2) Controlling for Scores Before Treatment (T1)

	NF T2	Med T2
	M (SD)	M (SD)	df	F	p	Cohen's d
ADHD- Conners' Rating Scale (CRS-R), parent scale	78 (14)	63 (13)	1	5.14	0.033*	1.11 Large
ADHD- Conners' Rating Scale (CRS-R), teacher scale	74 (18)	58 (9)	1	6.87	0.015*	1.12 Large

Parent scale: NF group, n=13; Med group, n=14. Teacher scale: NF group, n=14; Med group, n=15. p: Significance level of the difference between NF and Med group at T2. Cohen's d=effect size (ES). Cohen's d>0.8 is considered a large effect. T scores at T1 for the NF group were 79 (12), parent scale, and 73 (10), teacher scale. Med group: 71(9), parent scale; 72(13), teacher scale.

Calculations based on all 32 participants; following guidelines of the “intention to treat” model (scores at T2=scores at T1) resulted in similar results.

ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; NF, neurofeedback; DSM IV, American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.