Fig. 4.

Ectopic Nodal expression in GBM-SKH cells increased glucose uptake and suppressed mitochondrial respiration. GBM-SKH cells were transfected with a control vector (pBabe) or Nodal (pBabe/Nodal). (A) Protein expression levels of Nodal, Glut-1, HK-II, and PDK-1 and PDH-α phosphorylation in both cells were determined by Western blotting. α-Tubulin served as an equal loading control. (B) Glucose uptake, (C) cellular lactate accumulation, (D) ATP production, (E) mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM), and (F) O₂ consumption were analyzed. Data represent mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments. *P < .05 and **P < .01 by Student's t-test.