Interaction among C. formosanus, M. anisopliae and Actinobacteria inside the termite nest. (a) Metarhizium anisopliae is a virulent pathogen on individual termites [38], (b) termites have evolved disease resistance mechanisms that reduce the survival of entomopathogenous fungi inside the nest [7,8,19], (c) the termite faecal material from the carton material promotes the growth of some Actinobacteria (this study), (d) the Actinobacteria reduces the survival of M. anisopliae inside the termite nest (this study) and (e) by reducing the pressure from M. anisopliae, the Actinobacteria increases the chance of survival of C. formosanus (this study). (Online version in colour.)