Figure 1.

The effects of temperature, diurnal fluctuation and time of day on defensin1 (DEF1) expression. (a) The expression of DEF1 in response to immune challenge varies depending on the time of day mosquitoes are challenged (06.00, black line; 18.00, red line). (b) DEF1 expression in response to immune challenge (unmanipulated, black line; injury, blue line; and heat-killed E. coli, red line) varies depending on the mean ambient temperature mosquitoes experience after immune challenge. (c) Independent of immune challenge, DEF1 expression differs depending on the time of day (06.00, black line; 18.00, red line) a mosquito is challenged, the ambient temperature a mosquito is housed in, and whether or not there is diurnal temperature fluctuation (±0°C, solid lines; ±6°C, dashed lines). Asterisks denote significant differences of p < 0.05, and bars around population means represent standard errors.