. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2013 Oct;45(4):462–473. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.009

Table 3.

Primary retail food outlet data-gathering approaches (n=19)

Primary Data–Gathering Approach	n (% of Total)	References by Location of Study Area
		Canada	Denmark	Scotland	United Kingdom	U.S.
Ground-Truthed, GPS-assisted	4 (21)		¹⁷			^12,14,18
On-Site Verification
With Systematic Canvass	2 (10)				^21,22
With Systematic Canvass, GPS-assisted	1 (5)					¹⁹
Without Systematic Canvass	4 (21)	²⁶	²⁹	²⁷		²⁴
Without Systematic Canvass, GPS-assisted	2 (10)					^13,23
Targeted Observation, GPS-assisted	3 (16)	²⁵				^20,30
Targeted Observational Field Data	3 (16)					^28,31,32