Fig. 5.

TGF-β inhibits LY uptake by THP-1 macrophages through a Smad-independent mechanism. LY uptake was measured in THP-1 macrophages following infection with RAd-GAPDH shRNA or RAd-Smad-2 shRNA or RAd-Smad-3 shRNA or RAd-Smad-2 shRNA and RAd-Smad-3 shRNA together in the presence (empty bars) or absence (filled bars) of 24 h TGF-β (30 ng/ml) stimulation (n = 4). PBS/0.1% BSA was used as a vehicle control. Data represents the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test, ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001.