Table 3.
Correlates of emergency department use among U.S. adults 18-years and older. Results are from logistic regression models using the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (2000–2008).
| Model 1 OR(95%CI) |
Model 2 OR(95%CI) |
Model 3 OR(95%CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Predictor | |||
| Immigrant Status (ref: USB) | |||
| Non-Citizens | 0.55***(0.52–0.60) | 0.61***(0.56–0.66) | 0.77***(0.68–0.86) |
| FB-Citizens | 0.69***(0.64–0.74) | 0.76***(0.70–0.84) | 0.82***(0.74–0.92) |
| Enabling factors | |||
| Insurance Status (ref: Private insurance) | |||
| Public | 1.20***(1.13–1.27) | 1.22***(1.15–1.29) | |
| No Insurance | 1.05(0.98–1.12) | 1.13***(1.05–1.21) | |
| Immigration*Insurance Status | |||
| Non-Citizen*Private insurance | 0.80**(0.66–0.96) | ||
| Non-Citizen*Public insurance | 0.53***(0.44–0.63) | ||
| FB-Citizen*Private insurance | 0.83**(0.70–0.98) | ||
| FB-Citizen*Public insurance | 0.76**(0.61–0.94) | ||
| Poverty Status (ref: High income) | |||
| Poor | 1.50***(1.41–1.60) | 1.50***(1.41–1.60) | |
| Near poor | 1.40***(1.28–1.53) | 1.40***(1.27–1.53) | |
| Low income | 1.33***(1.25–1.41) | 1.32***(1.25–1.40) | |
| Middle income | 1.12***(1.06–1.18) | 1.12***(1.06–1.17) | |
| Usual Source of Care (ref: No) | |||
| Yes | 0.99(0.94–1.05) | 0.99(0.94–1.05) | |
| Predisposing factors | |||
| Age (ref: 18–34) | |||
| 35–44 | 0.79***(0.75–0.83) | 0.79***(0.75–0.83) | |
| 45–54 | 0.71***(0.67–0.75) | 0.71***(0.67–0.75) | |
| 55–64 | 0.59***(0.56–0.63) | 0.59***(0.56–0.63) | |
| 65+ | 0.61***(0.58–0.65) | 0.62***(0.58–0.66) | |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref: Non-Latino Whites) | |||
| Non-Latino Blacks | 1.20***(1.13–1.27) | 1.19***(1.12–1.26) | |
| Latinos | 0.98(0.91–1.06) | 1.00(0.93–1.08) | |
| All Other (Non-Latino) | 0.93(0.83–1.03) | 0.90*(0.81–1.00) | |
| Sex (ref: Female) | |||
| Male | 0.98(0.94–1.02) | 0.98(0.94–1.02) | |
| Education (ref: Less than high school) | |||
| High school | 0.89***(0.84–0.93) | 0.88***(0.84–0.93) | |
| Some college | 0.83***(0.78–0.89) | 0.83***(0.78–0.89) | |
| College or more | 0.70***(0.67–0.75) | 0.70***(0.66–0.74) | |
| Need factors | |||
| Health Status (ref: Good/Very good/Excellent) | |||
| Poor/Fair | 1.62***(1.55–1.70) | 1.62***(1.54–1.70) | |
| Medical conditions (ref: None) | |||
| One or more | 1.57***(1.50–1.64) | 1.57***(1.50–1.64) | |
| 12-month Doctor Visit (ref: No) | |||
| Yes | 1.53***(1.45–1.61) | 1.53***(1.46–1.61) | |
| 12-month Hospitalization (ref: No) | |||
| Yes | 7.00***(6.68–7.33) | 6.99***(6.68–7.33) | |
| Controls | |||
| Region (ref: Northeast) | |||
| Midwest | 1.01(0.94–1.10) | 1.02(0.94–1.10) | |
| South | 0.87***(0.81–0.93) | 0.87***(0.81–0.93) | |
| West | 0.86***(0.79–0.93) | 0.86***(0.79–0.93) | |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area (ref: No) | |||
| Yes | 1.00(0.94–1.06) | 1.00(0.94–1.06) | |
| Survey year (ref: Year 2000) | |||
| 2001 | 1.19***(1.11–1.29) | 1.20***(1.11–1.29) | |
| 2002 | 1.13***(1.03–1.23) | 1.13***(1.03–1.23) | |
| 2003 | 1.15***(1.06–1.25) | 1.15***(1.06–1.25) | |
| 2004 | 1.17***(1.06–1.29) | 1.17***(1.07–1.29) | |
| 2005 | 1.15***(1.06–1.25) | 1.15***(1.06–1.25) | |
| 2006 | 1.17***(1.07–1.27) | 1.17***(1.07–1.27) | |
| 2007 | 1.08*(0.99–1.18) | 1.08*(0.99–1.18) | |
| 2008 | 1.09*(1.00–1.20) | 1.10**(1.00–1.20) | |
Note 1: “FB-Citizens” indicates foreign-born citizens (i.e., naturalized), and USB stands for United States born citizens
Model 1: Unadjusted
Model 2: Adjusted for enabling, predisposing, and need factors
Model 3: Adjusted with citizenship by insurance status interaction
***
P<0.01
**
P<0.05