Table 1. In vitro and in vivo studies on statins, cell death, apoptosis, and Bcl-2 family members.

Treatment	Tissue	Effects	Ref
In vitro, L, 0.1 μM,	Dexamethasone resistant and sensitive human acute T-cell leukemia	↑AP	9
In vitro, L, 0.1 μM, 72 h	human glioma cell lines	↑AP	11
In vitro, L 10 μM, 12+ h	human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cells	↑AP, but 2 μM no effect	10
In vitro, L, 50 μM, 48 h	NIH/3T3 fibroblasts overexpressing oncogene HA-ras	↑AP in HA-ras cells but not low expressing cells. Bcl-2 rescued effects.	12
In vivo, F, 92 μM, 6 days	serum form human subjects incubated with human smooth muscle cells	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2	21
In vitro, L 50-200 mM, 24 h	myeloid leukemia cell lines	↑AP, ↓ Bcl-2	60
In vitro, L 1-10 μM, 24 h	immortalized rat brain neuroblasts	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2, Bcl-xL	24
In vitro, A, S 10-100 μM, 48 h	rat thoracic vascular smooth muscle cells	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2, Bax(ne)	30
In vitro, L 10 and 30 μM, 4 days	myeloma cell lines, not all lines responsive to L	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2, Bax(ne)	31
In vitro, C 1 and 3 μM, 20 h	rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2	61
In vitro, S 0.1-1 μM, 18-24 h	mouse tubular cells w/wo expressing Bcl-xL	↑AP, ↓Bcl-xL, Bax(ne), Bid(ne), overexpression reduced effects of S	25
In vitro, L 5 μM, 24-48 h	human glioblastoma cells lines	↑AP, ↓Bim, no effects Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bak, Bid, Bax	32
In vitro, A, F, L, S, 10 and 20 μM	human vascular endothelial cells	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2	62
In vitro, M 0.003-0.006 μM/ml, 24 and 48 h	U266 human myeloma cells	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2 mRNA, protein	23
In vitro, A, C, F, L, S, 30 μM, 24 h	human adult hepatocytes	↑AP ↓Bcl-2 mRNA, protein, Bax(ne)	63
In vitro, A, F, 50 μM, 4 days	human breast cancer cells	↑AP,↓Bcl-2	64
In vitro, F 10 μM, 24 h	human CD4+T cells	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2, Bax(ne)	33
In vitro, A 10 μM, 24 h	human osteosarcoma cells	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2 protein, mRNA, Bax(ne)	34
In vitro, P, S, 0.1, 1.25,5 μM, 48 h	human cardiac myocytes	↑AP, ↓Mcl-1, Bax(ne), ↑Mcl-1 by P; ↓ Mcl-1 mRNA by S 5μM	35
In vitro, S 1 and 10 μM, 24 h	Barret's adenocarcinoma cells	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2 mRNA and protein, Bax(ne) protein, mRNA↑ at 10μM	65
In vitro, L 1,10, 20 μM, 3-24 h	rat brain neuroblasts	↑AP, ↑BimEL	13
In vitro, L 20 μM, 24 or 48 h	human colon cancer cells	↑AP, no effects on Bcl-2, Bcl-xL	67
In vitro, S 5μM, 48 h	human breast cancer cells	↑AP↓Bcl-2 mRNA, no effects on Bcl-xL and Bax	36
In vitro, L, P, S 20 μM, 24 h	Barret's adenocarcinoma cell lines	↑AP, ↑Bad, Bax mRNA and protein levels, no effects on Bcl-2, Bcl-xL	14
In vitro, S 10 μM, 48 h	human colon cancer cells	↑AP, ↓ Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA and protein levels	27
In vitro, L, M, P, S 1-20 μM, 72 h	normal and abnormal human embryonic stem cells; breast adenocarcinoma cells	Inconsistent results on mRNA levels of Bcl-2 and Bax when incubated with S	68
In vitro, S 1-20 μM, 12-24 h	MethA fibrosarcoma cells	↑AP, ↑Bax translocation to mitochondria	69
In vitro, F 5-20 μM, 24 h	human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines	↑AP, ↓.Bcl-2	66
In vivo, R 20 μM, orally once daily for 6 weeks	CD4(+)C28 (null) T of patients with acute coronary syndromes	↑AP, ↓.Bcl-2	22
In vitro, S 0.6-10 μM 72 h	ARH77multiple myeloma cell line	↑AP, ↓Bcl-2, Bax(ne)	37
In vitro, S 25 μM, 16 h	human prostate cancer cell lines	↑AP, BimL/BimS↓Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, pBad	28
In vitro, S 20 μM, 24-72 h	MCF7 human breast cancer cells, SAEC human normal small airway epithelial cells, HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, NCI-N87 human gastric cancer (NCI gastric cells) and NCiH12299 human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NCH lung) cells	Effects seen in cancer cells but not normal cells: ↑AP, ↑Bax mRNA, ↓Bcl-2 mRNA	52

AP, apoptosis; A, atorvastatin; C, cerivastatin; F, fluvastatin; L, lovastatin; M, mevastatin; ne, no effects; P, pravastatin; S, simvastatin