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Loss of SK1 enhances the levels of multiple chemokines and cytokines. HeLa cells were treated with 20 nm Astar or SK1 siRNA for 48 h prior to treatment with vehicle (PBS) or TNF (20 ng/ml) for 24 h. RNA was extracted, and the levels of CXCL1, CXCL10, IL-8, and CCL20 mRNA were assessed by qRT-PCR. The data are presented as means ± S.E. from three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.
