Table 4.
Mean differences in BMI associated with the characteristics of the home environment, the work environment and a weighted average of home and workplace environments. All models are adjusted for gender, age, race/ethnicity, income, and education.
| Model 1a Mean difference (SE) | p-value for difference | Model 2b Mean difference (SE) | p-value for difference | Model 3b Mean difference (SE) | Model 4c Mean difference (SE) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CENSUS TRACT MEASURES
| |||||||
| Neighborhood SESd | Home | −0.658 (0.160)** | 0.047 | −0.652 (0.180)** | 0.016 | −0.674 (0.186)** | |
| Workplace | −0.226 (0.147) | 0.039 (0.161) | 0.032 (0.162) | ||||
| Interaction | 0.068 (0.141) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.550 (0.159)** | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| GIS-BASED MEASURES
| |||||||
| Recreational Facilitiese | Home | −0.363 (0.117)** | 0.052 | −0.295 (0.139)** | 0.132 | −0.334 (0.180)* | |
| Workplace | −0.113 (0.053)** | −0.030 (0.062) | −0.048 (0.082) | ||||
| Interaction | 0.010 (0.029) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.305 (0.106)** | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Healthy food storese | Home | −0.513 (0.307)* | 0.809 | −0.133 (0.457) | 0.749 | 0.051 (0.618) | |
| Workplace | −0.617 (0.300)** | −0.401 (0.445) | −0.249 (0.566) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.218 (0.501) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.544 (0.334) | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| SURVEY-BASED MEASURES
| |||||||
| Aesthetic Qualityf | Home | −0.013 (0.197) | 0.668 | 0.081 (0.279) | 0.542 | 0.036 (0.298) | |
| Workplace | −0.130 (0.189) | −0.181 (0.253) | −0.166 (0.254) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.099 (0.183) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.056 (0.217) | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Safetyf | Home | −0.161 (0.199) | 0.346 | −0.020 (0.221) | 0.291 | −0.020 (0.221) | |
| Workplace | −0.417 (0.185)** | −0.396 (0.206)* | −0.394 (0.206)* | ||||
| Interaction | 0.038 (0.182) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.292 (0.210) | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Social Cohesionf | Home | −0.143 (0.187) | 0.463 | −0.014 (0.221) | 0.384 | −0.036 (0.222) | |
| Workplace | −0.335 (0.183)* | −0.334 (0.209) | −0.315 (0.210) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.182 (0.157) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.231 (0.208) | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Walking Environmentf | Home | −0.677 (0.205)** | 0.977 | −0.385 (0.262) | 0.922 | −0.292 (0.277) | |
| Workplace | −0.669 (0.187)** | −0.430 (0.245)* | −0.384 (0.249) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.203 (0.178) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.716 (0.208)** | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Healthy Food Availabilityf | Home | −0.374 (0.195)* | 0.658 | −0.110 (0.254) | 0.516 | −0.107 (0.252) | |
| Workplace | −0.494 (0.188)** | −0.407 (0.253) | −0.352 (0.250) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.453 (0.168)** | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.420 (0.207)** | ||||||
Two-level hierarchical models with home and workplace neighborhood characteristics in separate models. SE=standard error.
Cross-classified models with home and workplace neighborhood characteristics in the same model. This is additionally adjusted for distance in miles between the home and workplace. SE=standard error.
Cross-classified models for home and workplace neighborhood characteristics with additional adjustment for distance in miles between the home and workplace. These models used time-weighted summary measures of each person’s exposure by calculating weighted averages of the home and workplace measures, with weights representing the proportion of hours during the week spent at each location. SE=standard error.
Standard deviation unit increase
1-mile kernel density. 10 businesses per square mile increase
1-mile mean. Standard deviation unit increase
P-value<0.05
P-value<0.10