Table 1.
EMF responses blocked or lowered by calcium channel blockers
| Ref. no. | EMF type | Calcium channel | Cell type or organism | Response measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Pulsed magnetic fields | L-type | Human lymphocytes | Cell proliferation; cytokine production |
| 3 | Static magnetic field (0.1 T) | L-type | Human polymorphonuclear leucocytes | Cell migration; degranulation |
| 5 | ELF | L-type | Rat chromaffin cells | Differentiation; catecholamine release |
| 6 | Electric field | L-type | Rat and mouse bone cells | Increased Ca2+, phospholipase A2, PGE2 |
| 7 | 50 Hz | L-type | Mytilus (mussel) immunocytes | Reduced shape change, cytotoxicity |
| 8 | 50 Hz | L-type | AtT20 D16V, mouse pituitary corticotrope-derived | Ca2+ increase; cell morphology, premature differentiation |
| 9 | 50 Hz | L-type | Neural stem/progenitor cells | In vitro differentiation, neurogenesis |
| 10 | Static magnetic field | L-type | Rat | Reduction in oedema formation |
| 11 | NMR | L-type | Tumour cells | Synergistic effect of EMF on anti-tumour drug toxicity |
| 12 | Static magnetic field | L-type | Myelomonocytic U937 cells | Ca2+ influx into cells and anti-apoptotic effects |
| 13 | 60 Hz | L-type | Mouse | Hyperalgesic response to exposure |
| 14 | Single nanosecond electric pulse | L-type | Bovine chromaffin cells | Very rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ |
| 15 | Biphasic electric current | L-type | Human mesenchymal stromal cells | Osteoblast differentiation and cytokine production |
| 16 | DC & AC magnetic fields | L-type | β-cells of pancreas, patch clamped | Ca2+ flux into cells |
| 17 | 50 Hz | L-type | Rat pituitary cells | Ca2+ flux into cells |
| 18 | 50 Hz | L-type, N-type | Human neuroblastoma IMR32 and rat pituitary GH3 cells | Anti-apoptotic activity |
| 19 | Nanosecond pulse | L-type, N-type, P/Q-type | Bovine chromaffin cells | Ca2+ dynamics of cells |
| 20 | 50 Hz | Not determined | Rat dorsal root ganglion cells | Firing frequency of cells |
| 21 | 700–1100 MHz | N-type | Stem cell–derived neuronal cells | Ca2+ dynamics of cells |
| 22 | Very weak electrical fields | T-type | Sharks | Detection of very weak magnetic fields in the ocean |
| 23 | Short electric pulses | L-type | Human eye | Effect on electro-oculogram |
| 24 | Weak static magnetic field | L-type | Rabbit | Baroreflex sensitivity |
| 25 | Weak electric fields | T-type | Neutrophils | Electrical and ion dynamics |
| 26 | Static electric fields, ‘capacitive’ | L-type | Bovine articular chondrocytes | Agrican & type II collagen expression; calcineurin and other Ca2+/calmodulin responses |
EMF: electromagnetic field; ELF: extremely low frequency.