Table 1.
Characteristics of Three Cohorts of Developing Physician–Scientists at Vanderbilt Medical Center, January 1, 2000, to September 30, 2007
| Cohort characteristic | Physician–scientists in the Vanderbilt Physician–Scientist Development (VPSD) program (n = 55) | Physician–scientists in the Vanderbilt Clinical Research Scholars (VCRS) program (n = 15) | Comparison cohort: physician–scientists who received National Institutes of Health career development funding (n = 33) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at program entry—years (95% CI) | 35.9 (34.9 to 36.8) | 32.7 (31.0 to 34.4)* | 39.0 (37.4 to 40.5)†‡ |
| Degree—MD:MD/PhD (%) | 38:17 (69:31)§ | 15:0 (100:0) | 22:11 (67:33)‡ |
| Gender—male:female (%) | 41:14 (75:25)§ | 6:9 (40:60) | 26:7 (79:21)‡ |
| Race—white:black:Asian:Hispanic (%) | 38:2:11:2 (69:4:20:4) | 11:1:3:0 (73:7:20:0) | Data not available |
| Mean follow-up—years (95% CI) | 4.1 (3.7 to 4.7) | 3.2 (2.4 to 4.1) | 4.7 (4.0 to 5.5)§ |
| Career development award | |||
| K08—n (%) | 20 (36) | 0 | 16 (48) |
| K23—n (%) | 4 (7) | 5 (33) | 12 (36) |
| Other individual K award—n (%) | 2 (4) | 1 (7) | 5 (15) |
| R03 or R21—n (%) | 3 (5) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) |
| Veterans Affairs career development—n (%) | 6 (11) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Foundation—n (%) | 22 (40) | 5 (33) | NA |
| Industry—n (%) | 16 (29) | 2 (13) | NA |
| Any nonindustry career development funding—n (%) | 41 (75) | 9 (60) | 33 (100) |
| Time from entry to career development funding—years (95% CI) | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.3)§ | 2.4 (1.4 to 3.4) | NA |
| Age at career development funding—years (95% CI) | 37.1 (35.7 to 38.4) | 36.3 (33.2 to 39.4) | 39.0 (37.4 to 40.5)∥ |
| Mean follow-up after K-award funding—years (95% CI) | 2.5 (1.8 to 3.3) | 1.4 (0.4 to 2.4) | 4.7 (4.0 to 5.5)†‡ |
| Independent funding—n (% of those with nonindustry funding) | 7 (17) | 0 (0) | 14 (42) |
| Time from K award to independent funding—years (95% CI) | 1.6 (–0.4 to 3.5) | NA | 3.8 (2.9 to 4.8)¶ |
| Age at independent funding—years (95% CI) | 40.0 (37.5 to 42.5) | NA | 41.8 (40.1 to 43.5) |
| Publications per person per year—n (95% CI) | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.0) | 1.7 (0.7 to 2.7) | 2.6 (1.8 to 3.3)¶ |
| Publications per person per year since career development award—n (95% CI) | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.6) | 6.0 (–1.0 to 13.0)† | 2.6 (1.8 to 3.3)§ |
*
P < .01 versus VPSD.
†
P < .005 versus VPSD.
‡
P < .001 versus VCRS.
§
P < .05 versus VCRS.
∥
P < .05 versus VPSD and VCRS.
¶
P < .05 versus VPSD.