Table 3. Prevalence and Adjusted Relative Risk of Smoking by ACE Exposure Among Non-Hispanic White Adults in Nebraska, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011.

ACE Exposure	n	Smoking, % (95% CI)	aRRa (95% CI)
None	426	14.2 (11.9−16.5)	Reference
Directb only	113	22.2 (16.3−28.1)	1.5 (1.1−2.1)
Environmentalc only	243	30.3 (25.2−35.5)	1.8 (1.4−2.3)
Both	340	45.5 (40.1−50.9)	2.7 (2.2−3.3)

Abbreviation: ACE, adverse childhood experience; aRR, adjusted relative risk; CI, confidence interval.

^a Adjusted for age, sex, education, and alcohol consumption.

^b Physical, sexual, or verbal abuse.

^c Mental illness in a household member, substance abuse in a household member, witnessing abuse, divorce, or incarceration of a household member.