TABLE 1—
Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Sample by Transgender People Reporting Discrimination and No Discrimination: Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study, September 2005–July 2006
| Characteristic | Discrimination (n = 143), Mean ±SD (Median) or No. (%) | No Discrimination (n = 207), Mean ±SD (Median) or No. (%) | Total Sample (n = 350), Mean ±SD (Median) or No. (%) | OR (95% CI)a | P |
| Current age, y | 35.53 ±11.98 (33.50) | 38.18 ±13.10 (38.00) | 37.08 ±12.70 (36.00) | 0.98 (0.06, 1.01) | .163 |
| Geographic context | |||||
| Urban | 69 (48) | 77 (37) | 146 (42) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Rural | 23 (16) | 38 (18) | 61 (17) | 0.63 (0.32, 1.23) | .177 |
| Suburban | 47 (33) | 91 (44) | 138 (39) | 0.53 (0.52, 0.54) | < .001 |
| Missing | 4 (3) | 1 (< 1) | 5 (1) | … | … |
| Gender vector | .047 | ||||
| MTF spectrum | 89 (62) | 140 (68) | 229 (65) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| FTM spectrum | 54 (38) | 67 (32) | 121 (35) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.60) | |
| Gender identity | |||||
| Transgender | 58 (41) | 88 (43) | 146 (42) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Man | 26 (18) | 42 (20) | 68 (19) | 0.96 (0.26, 3.58) | .949 |
| Woman | 41 (29) | 48 (23) | 89 (25) | 1.35 (0.48, 3.78) | .573 |
| Other gender identification | 18 (13) | 29 (14) | 47 (13) | 0.98 (0.40, 2.42) | .968 |
| Sexual identification | .794 | ||||
| Heterosexual | 29 (20) | 44 (21) | 73 (21) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Sexual minorityb | 114 (80) | 163 (79) | 277 (79) | 1.04 (0.76, 1.42) | |
| Race/ethnicityc | |||||
| White/Caucasian | 79 (55) | 137 (66) | 216 (62) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Any racial/ethnic minority | 64 (45) | 70 (34) | 134 (38) | 1.75 (1.51, 2.02) | < .001 |
| Black/African American | 35 (24) | 53 (26) | 88 (25) | 1.50 (1.45, 1.56) | < .001 |
| Other race/ethnicity | 29 (20) | 17 (8) | 46 (13) | 3.25 (0.72, 14.71) | .126 |
| Education | < .001 | ||||
| High school education | 103 (72) | 172 (83) | 275 (79) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| < high school education | 40 (28) | 35 (17) | 75 (21) | 2.18 (1.50, 3.14) | |
| Income | < .001 | ||||
| Above low-income level | 80 (56) | 138 (67) | 218 (62) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| 100% low-income level (< $16 999) | 63 (44) | 69 (33) | 132 (38) | 1.57 (1.51, 1.64) | |
| Employment | .012 | ||||
| Employed | 102 (71) | 175 (85) | 277 (79) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Unemployed | 41 (29) | 32 (15) | 73 (21) | 2.22 (1.19, 4.13) | |
| Health insurance | < .001 | ||||
| Insured | 93 (38) | 155 (63) | 248 (71) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| No health insurance | 50 (35) | 52 (25) | 102 (29) | 1.62 (1.55, 1.70) | |
| Mode of survey completion | .083 | ||||
| Web | 65 (45) | 75 (36) | 140 (40) | … | |
| Paper and pencil | 78 (55) | 132 (64) | 210 (60) | ||
Note. CI = confidence interval; FTM = female-to-male; MTF = male-to-female; OR = odds ratio.
We used generalized estimating equations to fit bivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for clustering induced by study design (design covariate: Web vs paper-and-pencil survey).
Sexual minority was defined as gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer, or questioning.
Black/African American and Other race/ethnicity are subsets of racial/ethnic minority. The bivariate comparisons shown therefore compare racial/ethnic minority to White/Caucasian respondents, then Black/African American and Other race/ethnicity respondents each to White/Caucasian respondents.