Table 4.

Health and mental health determinants

Substance use (n = 28)
Africa	Chirwa [21], Macheke [28], Mmbaga [64], Zuma [84]
The Americas	Caballero-Hoyos [102], Deren [58], Ehrlich [112], Galvan [52],  Kissinger [32, 76], Magis-Rodriguez [75], Munoz-Laboy [24],  Organista [40], Sena [62]
Europe	Amirkhanian [29], Burns [113]
South East Asia	Entz [56], Ford [65, 91], Poudel [66], Puri [107], Saggurti [51], Vaidya [95]
Western Pacific	Chen [15], He [61], Lin [69], Meng [114], Wardlow [50]
Other STIs (n = 13)
Africa	Coffee [36], Heffron [115], Lurie [38], Mmbaga [64], Zuma [84]
The Americas	Ehrlich [112]
South East Asia	Entz [56], Pandey [60], Poudel [57]
Western Pacific	Li [45], Song [97], Wang [116]
Mental health problem (n = 8)
Africa	Campbell [46]
The Americas	Deren [58], Hanf [85], Organista [40]
Europe	Amirkhanian [29]
South East Asia	Yang [109]
Western Pacific	Lin [69], Song [97]
No HIV testing (n = 8)
The Americas	Ehrlich [112], Martinez-Donate [18], Sena [62]
Europe	Burns [113]
South East Asia	Pandey [60]
Western Pacific	He [61, 117], Song [97]
Needle use (n = 8)
The Americas	Denner [63], Deren [58], Organista [40], Sena [62]
Europe	Burns [113]
South East Asia	Entz [56]
Western Pacific	Jia [118], Meng [114]