Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with acute respiratory failure by year*
| Patient Characteristics | 2000† | 2009‡ |
|---|---|---|
| Age, yr; mean (95% CI) | 67.2 (67.2–67.4) | 66.1 (66.0–66.1) |
| Sex, female | 443,664 (52.7) | 862,026 (51.5) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 501,047 (59.5) | 1,029,353 (61.5) |
| Black | 83,558 (9.9) | 178,961 (10.7) |
| Hispanic | 44,103 (5.2) | 108,623 (6.5) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 11,103 (1.3) | 30,284 (1.8) |
| Native American | 1350 (0.2) | 8179 (0.5) |
| Other or missing | 200,656 (23.8) | 318,232 (19.0) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Total number of comorbidities, mean (95% CI) | 0.94 (0.93–0.94) | 1.38 (1.37–1.38) |
| Hypertension | 293,339 (34.8) | 853,575 (51.0) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 176,759 (21.0) | 451,823 (27.0) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 81,609 (9.7) | 330,300 (19.7) |
| Dementia | 48,630 (5.8) | 131,816 (7.9) |
| Metastatic or hematologic malignancy | 58,182 (6.9) | 121,099 (7.2) |
| Chronic liver disease | 19,490 (2.3) | 50,907 (3.0) |
| Obesity | 40,786 (4.8) | 155,666 (9.3) |
| Myocardial infarction | 29,470 (3.5) | 68,455 (4.1) |
| Paralysis/paraplegia | 18,672 (2.2) | 53,832 (3.2) |
| Neutropenia | 14,668 (1.7) | 75,641 (4.5) |
| HIV | 8281 (1.0) | 12,958 (0.77) |
| Acute nonrespiratory organ failures | ||
| Total number of acute organ failures, mean (95% CI) | 0.38 (0.38–0.38) | 0.72 (0.72–0.72) |
| Renal failure | 98,412 (11.7) | 462,110 (27.6) |
| Circulatory failure | 92,283 (11.0) | 323,539 (19.3) |
| Hematologic failure | 48,796 (5.8) | 126,588 (7.6) |
| Metabolic failure (acidosis) | 66,598 (7.9) | 235,601 (14.0) |
| Hepatic failure | 12,471 (1.5) | 57,306 (3.4) |
| Electrolyte abnormality | 279,547 (33.2) | 745,286 (44.5) |
| Procedures | ||
| Dialysis | 38,667 (4.6) | 114,711 (6.9) |
| Peripheral arterial catheter | 33,106 (3.9) | 85,063 (5.1) |
| Central venous catheter | 139,065 (16.5) | 446,933 (26.7) |
| Acute respiratory failure-associated diagnosis | ||
| COPD | 344,707 (40.9) | 597,022 (35.7) |
| Cardiogenic pulmonary edema | 155,396 (18.5) | 293,862 (17.6) |
| Asthma | 12,067 (1.4) | 54,877 (3.3) |
| Pneumonia | 121,682 (14.5) | 314,339 (18.8) |
| Sepsis | 24,763 (2.9) | 79,744 (4.8) |
| Neurological condition | 35,463 (4.3) | 91,995 (5.5) |
| Other/unknown | 146,777 (17.4) | 241,634 (14.4) |
| United States geographic region | ||
| Northeast | 169,616 (20.1) | 277,172 (16.6) |
| Midwest | 174,886 (20.8) | 394,585 (23.6) |
| South | 354,270 (42.1) | 704,122 (42.1) |
| West | 143,082 (17.0) | 297,758 (17.8) |
| Hospital bed size | ||
| Small | 89,164 (10.6) | 189,115 (11.5) |
| Medium | 239,147 (28.5) | 383,392 (23.3) |
| Large | 512,071 (60.9) | 1,070,949 (64.2) |
| Hospital location: urban | 716,130 (85.2) | 1,452,340 (88.4) |
| Teaching hospital | 325,444 (38.7) | 704,711 (42.9) |
| Payer | ||
| Medicare | 540,255 (64.4) | 1,053,827 (63.1) |
| Medicaid | 76,487 (9.1) | 173,509 (10.4) |
| Private Insurance | 176,422 (21.0) | 324,163 (19.4) |
| Self-pay | 27,118 (3.2) | 71,970 (4.3) |
| Other | 18,262 (2.2) | 46,858 (2.8) |
Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
*
Values are weighted n (%) unless otherwise specified.
†
Unweighted n = 172,629; weighted n = 841,817.
‡
Unweighted n = 331,573; weighted n = 1,673,631.