Table 5.
Hazard ratios for all–cause mortality in relation to time spent sitting watching television by several participant characteristics in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, 1993–2007
| Men |
Women |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Daily sitting watching television (hours) |
Daily sitting watching television (hours) |
|||||||||||||
|
<1 |
1–4 |
≥5 |
<1 |
1–4 |
≥5 |
|||||||||
| Variable | No. deaths | HR | No. deaths | HR (95% CI)a | No. deaths | HR (95% CI)a | Pintb | No. deaths | HR | No. deaths | HR (95% CI)a | No. deaths | HR (95% CI)a | Pintb |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| White | 245 | 1.00 | 1777 | 1.11 (0.96–1.27) | 323 | 1.35 (1.13–1.62) | <0.01 | 227 | 1.00 | 1465 | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 332 | 1.33 (1.11–1.59) | <0.01 |
| African American | 184 | 1.00 | 1435 | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 386 | 1.37 (1.14–1.66) | 234 | 1.00 | 1670 | 1.05 (0.90–1.21) | 439 | 1.48 (1.25–1.75) | ||
| Native Hawaiian | 95 | 1.00 | 598 | 0.97 (0.75–1.24) | 115 | 1.16 (0.85–1.58) | 96 | 1.00 | 494 | 1.05 (0.82–1.33) | 94 | 1.40 (1.02–1.92) | ||
| Japanese American | 312 | 1.00 | 2399 | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 400 | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 185 | 1.00 | 1494 | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 282 | 1.06 (0.88–1.29) | ||
| Latino | 299 | 1.00 | 1795 | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 259 | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) | 201 | 1.00 | 1145 | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | 163 | 1.22 (0.98–1.51) | ||
| Age at enrolment, years | ||||||||||||||
| <65 | 514 | 1.00 | 3381 | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 559 | 1.32 (1.17–1.50) | <0.01 | 470 | 1.00 | 2619 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 520 | 1.48 (1.30–1.69) | <0.01 |
| ≥65 | 620 | 1.00 | 4623 | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 925 | 1.11 (0.99–1.23) | 473 | 1.00 | 3648 | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 791 | 1.21 (1.08–1.37) | ||
| Education level | ||||||||||||||
| Less than college | 868 | 1.00 | 6231 | 0.97 (0.91–1.05) | 1267 | 1.13 (1.04–1.24) | <0.01 | 731 | 1.00 | 5111 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 1124 | 1.28 (1.16–1.41) | <0.01 |
| College or graduate school | 266 | 1.00 | 1773 | 1.16 (1.02–1.33) | 217 | 1.41 (1.17–1.71) | 213 | 1.00 | 1156 | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) | 186 | 1.52 (1.23–1.88) | ||
| Diabetes and/or hypertension | ||||||||||||||
| No | 549 | 1.00 | 3581 | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 609 | 1.21 (1.08–1.37) | <0.01 | 444 | 1.00 | 2738 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 476 | 1.36 (1.19–1.56) | 0.12 |
| Yes | 586 | 1.00 | 4422 | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 875 | 1.15 (1.04–1.29) | 498 | 1.00 | 3530 | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 835 | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||||
| Nonsmokers | 334 | 1.00 | 1841 | 1.03 (0.92–1.17) | 257 | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) | 0.62 | 493 | 1.00 | 3071 | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 493 | 1.38 (1.21–1.57) | 0.27 |
| Former smokers | 498 | 1.00 | 4032 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 748 | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 246 | 1.00 | 1844 | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 449 | 1.29 (1.09–1.52) | ||
| Current smokers | 303 | 1.00 | 2131 | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 478 | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 204 | 1.00 | 1353 | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 368 | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 33 | 1.00 | 123 | 0.54 (0.25–1.14) | 28 | 0.55 (0.21–1.44) | 0.51 | 64 | 1.00 | 321 | 0.83 (0.60–1.13) | 83 | 1.60 (1.07–2.41) | <0.01 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 557 | 1.00 | 3532 | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 604 | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 417 | 1.00 | 2706 | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 505 | 1.36 (1.19–1.57) | ||
| 25.0–27.4 | 241 | 1.00 | 1948 | 1.14 (0.99–1.31) | 360 | 1.31 (1.10–1.56) | 152 | 1.00 | 1086 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 202 | 1.25 (0.99–1.56) | ||
| 27.5–29.9 | 157 | 1.00 | 1187 | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 234 | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) | 126 | 1.00 | 825 | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) | 163 | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | ||
| 30.0–34.9 | 117 | 1.00 | 911 | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | 175 | 1.40 (1.08–1.81) | 106 | 1.00 | 817 | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 183 | 1.21 (0.93–1.57) | ||
| ≥35.0 | 29 | 1.00 | 303 | 0.95 (0.57–1.57) | 83 | 1.10 (0.62–1.94) | 77 | 1.00 | 513 | 0.89 (0.69–1.16) | 174 | 1.25 (0.93–1.68) | ||
| Physical activity, METs/weekc | ||||||||||||||
| <33.4 (men), <20.0 (women) | 684 | 1.00 | 4551 | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 998 | 1.22 (1.11–1.36) | <0.01 | 560 | 1.00 | 3800 | 1.06 (0.97–1.17) | 858 | 1.39 (1.24–1.55) | 0.40 |
| ≥33.4 (men), ≥20.0 (women) | 450 | 1.00 | 3453 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 486 | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | 383 | 1.00 | 2468 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 452 | 1.23 (1.06–1.41) | ||
| Light physical activity, h/dayd | ||||||||||||||
| <7.6 (men), <7.8 (women) | 268 | 1.00 | 3272 | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 1119 | 1.31 (1.13–1.51) | <0.01 | 221 | 1.00 | 2638 | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 1015 | 1.38 (1.17–1.62) | 0.57 |
| ≥7.6 (men), ≥7.8 (women) | 866 | 1.00 | 4732 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 365 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 722 | 1.00 | 3630 | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 295 | 1.34 (1.16–1.55) | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake, g/1000 Kcal/day | ||||||||||||||
| <260.2 (men), <339.3 (women) | 501 | 1.00 | 3771 | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 855 | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) | <0.01 | 407 | 1.00 | 2980 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 755 | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) | 0.77 |
| ≥260.2 (men), ≥339.3 (women) | 633 | 1.00 | 4233 | 1.06 (0.98–1.16) | 629 | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | 536 | 1.00 | 3288 | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 555 | 1.33 (1.17–1.50) | ||
| Sleeping, h/day | ||||||||||||||
| ≤6 | 281 | 1.00 | 2357 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | 383 | 1.35 (1.15–1.59) | 0.30 | 254 | 1.00 | 1860 | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) | 325 | 1.30 (1.09–1.56) | 0.01 |
| 7 | 412 | 1.00 | 2497 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 466 | 1.14 (0.99–1.31) | 354 | 1.00 | 2243 | 1.03 (0.91–1.15) | 446 | 1.26 (1.09–1.47) | ||
| ≥8 | 441 | 1.00 | 3150 | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 634 | 1.14 (1.00–1.30) | 335 | 1.00 | 2165 | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 539 | 1.31 (1.13–1.52) | ||
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Pint, P–value for interaction.
aHazard ratios were calculated with age as the time metric, adjusted for following variables but the relevant variable: 5–year age groups at cohort entry, education, ethnicity, history of hypertension or diabetes at enrolment, alcohol consumption, energy intake, physical activity (METs per week for moderate activity, vigorous work and strenuous sports), trend of hours for other sitting behaviours, and smoking history by inclusion of the following variables: [smoking status, average number of cigarettes, average number of cigarettes squared, number of years smoked (time dependent), number of years since quitting (time dependent), and interactions between ethnicity and the smoking variables].
bTest for interaction was based on the Wald statistics for cross–product terms between median values of each category of sitting watching television and stratified variables.
cMETs for moderate activity, vigorous work and strenuous sports.
dLight physical activity estimated by subtracting the total time spent in all activities (total sitting, physical activity, and sleeping) from 24 h.