Figure 1.

Illustration of the trial structure in the two repetition conditions. Participants viewed a list of two-character items to detect rare upside-down target items. (A) The Whole Word repetition condition involved repetition of the same compound word (i.e., meaning manager) across several intervening trials. (B) The Constituent repetition condition involved presenting a compound word first in its swapped version (i.e., as a nonsense pseudo-word), followed after several intervening items by the word in its normal reading format (i.e., meaning nurse).