Table 1:

Best evidence papers

Author, date journal and country Study type (level of evidence)	Patient group	Outcomes	Key results	Comments
Gossot et al. (2009), Ann Thorac Surg, France [2] Single centre non-randomized control study (level 3)	60 patients undergoing excision of sarcoma metastases between 2000 and 2007. Inclusion criteria: up to two nodules per lung field; max nodule diameter <30 mm; feasible wedge resection; no mediastinal or chest wall involvement Thoracotomy group (TT), 29 patients underwent 60 resections by thoracotomy only Thoracoscopic group (TS), 31 patients undergoing surgery involving at least 1 by thoracoscopy (63 operations; 42 (66.7%) thoracoscopic, 21 (33.3%) thoracotomy) Staged bilateral procedures in 11 patients; 7 thoracoscopic on 1 side, thoracotomy on the other, 4 bilateral VATS Mean follow-up 34 months	Mean nodule diameter (mm)	Group TS 13 Group TT 17 P < 0.05	This retrospective study showed no survival difference between a thoracotomy only and a mixed thoracotomy/thoracoscopy group. Length of stay and length of chest drainage significantly lower in group TS Choice of approach was dependant upon nodule location (deep or subpleural) and surgeon preference, leading to a risk of bias. No adjustment for confounding in the analysis
		Repeat resections	Group TS 36% Group TT 41% No P-value given
		Complications	One haemopneumothorax in group TS
		Overall 5-year survival	Group TS 52.5% (25.6–79.1) Group TT 34% (15.3–52.7) P = 0.20
		Disease-free survival at 3 years	Group TS 26.4% (9.4–43.4) Group TT 24.8% (12.7–36.9) P = 0.74
		Local recurrence	One patient in each group
		Length of chest drainage postoperatively	Group TS 1.5 days (1.2–1.8) Group TT 3 days (2.5–3.5) P < 0.0001
		Length of stay	Group TS 3.7 days (3.1–4.7) Group TT 6.2 days (5.5–6.8) P < 0.0001
Chao et al. (2011), Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, Taiwan [3] Single centre, case-matched study (level 3)	Patients undergoing first-time resection of colorectal metastasis 1997–2008 Excluded: previous pulmonary metastastectomy, incomplete resection, biopsy procedures 35 matched pairs chosen from 143 patients. Case matched 1:1 thoracoscopy/thoracotomy by resection type and by preoperative CT findings (size, laterality and number of lesions). Following matching, 35 pairs included in study Surgical procedure performed: Thoracotomy group, 6 lobectomy; 29 wedge resection VATS group, 4 lobectomy; 31 wedge resection Mean follow-up 50 months	Overall 5-year survival	Mean 5-year survival: Thoracoscopy 42% Thoracotomy 58% P = 0.22	This case-matched study showed no difference in 5-year survival or recurrence between thoracoscopy and thoracotomy. Staple margins were closer in VATS procedures, but there was no obvious clinical consequence of this
		Tumour recurrence at 50 months mean follow-up	Overall: Thoracoscopy 40% Thoracotomy 54% P = 0.23 Pulmonary recurrence: Thoracoscopy 22.9% Thoracotomy 25.7% P = 0.78 Ipsilateral pulmonary recurrence: Thoracoscopy 20% Thoracotomy 14.3% P = 0.75
		Resection margin	Nearest staple margin (cm): VATS 0.44 ± 0.28 Thoracotomy 0.89 ± 0.54 P = 0.01
Hornbeck et al. (2011), J Thorac Oncol, Denmark [4], Single centre follow-up study (level 3)	Patients undergoing pulmonary metastastectomy with curative intent from 2002 to 2006 256 resections, 60 thoracoscopic (23%), 53 initiated as VATS but converted to thoracotomy (21%), 143 thoracotomy (56%) Minimum follow-up 36 months. Survival status obtained from National Danish Registry. Prognostic factors analysed, including surgical approach Results presented by primary pathology	Thirty-day mortality	1.9% (5/256) Not reported by surgical approach, only overall	This study of prognostic factors affecting survival following pulmonary metastastectomy demonstrated no significant effect of surgical approach. Statistical analysis did not adjust for confounders, and no multivariable model was reported. Statistical power reduced due to analysis by tumour type, which reduced numbers
		Unadjusted association between surgical approach and 5-year survival. Significance calculated by primary tumour type	Colorectal cancer P = 0.54 Sarcoma P = 0.82 Melanoma P = 0.92 Renal cell carcinoma P = 0.66 Miscellaneous cancers P = 0.46 Measures of effect not reported, only P-values
Nakajima et al. (2008), Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg, Japan [5] Non-randomized retrospective comparison study (level 3)	143 patients who underwent 199 metastastasectomy procedures (112 thoracoscopic and 87 thoracotomy) between 1987 and 2005. Thoracoscopy was introduced in 1996 Only macroscopically complete resections included Follow-up by CT and Carcinoembryonic antigen titre	Patients in the thoracotomy group had more (3.4 vs 1.6 P = 0.0007) and larger (27.4 vs 15.0 mm, P = 0.015) metastases, and were more likely to have an anatomical resection (45 vs 8%, P < 0.0001) than the thoracoscopy group		A non-randomized comparison study. Thoracoscopy was associated with improved overall and event-free survival in unadjusted analyses, but significant confounding makes this difficult to interpret. When adjusted in a multivariable model, surgical approach was not prognostic
		Unadjusted overall 5-year survival	Open group 39.5% Thoracoscopy group 49.3% P = 0.047
		Unadjusted recurrence-free 5-year survival	Open group 21.1% Thoracoscopy group 34.4% P = 0.064
		Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors	Surgical approach was not associated with overall or event-free survival. However, wedge resection, which most thoracoscopy patients underwent, was associated with poorer overall survival (odds ratio 4.24, P = 0.026)
Mutsaerts et al. (2002), Eur J Surg Oncol, Netherlands [6] Non-randomized, retrospective comparison study with historical control (level 4)	35 patients with a peripheral solitary pulmonary nodule up to 3 cm diameter following treatment of primary malignancy between 1992 and 1998 Group 1: 19 patients 1992–1996 underwent thoracoscopic resection followed by confirmatory thoracotomy Group 2: 16 patients 1993–1998 underwent thoracoscopic resection only 7 patients (20%) technically impossible to perform procedure thoracoscopically included in the thoracotomy group (1) Only 20 patients with histologically confirmed metastases included in survival analysis	Two-year overall survival	Group 1: 70% Group 2: 67% P = 0.85	Small retrospective study, with relatively short follow-up More complications were seen in the thoracotomy group. Although two additional lesions were identified during thoracotomy in Group 1, pulmonary recurrence rates were not different between the groups. Confirmatory thoracotomy after thoracoscopy did not improve survival. Conclusions limited by study design, size and limited follow-up
		Two-year disease-free survival	Group 1: 42% Group 2: 50% P-value not stated
		Pulmonary recurrence during the follow-up	Group 1: 42% Group 2: 38% P-value not stated
		Perioperative complications	Group 1: 14% Group 2: 0% P = 0.049
Nakajima et al. (2001), Surg Endosc, Japan [7] Non-randomized control trial (level 3)	Retrospective review of patients undergoing initial resection of metastases between 1994 and 1999 100 patients grouped into open resections (n = 55) and thoracoscopic resections (n = 45) 47 solitary nodule resections performed (13 open, 34 thoracoscopic) 15 patients excluded (9 had too many foci of pulmonary metastases, 5 had primary lung cancer or intrapulmonary lymph nodes, and 1 patient who died 2 days postoperatively from pulmonary embolism)	Actuarial 3-year survival	Thoracoscopy group 62.3% Open group 52.7% P = 0.819	Thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary metastases showed equivalent survival compared with open resection. There was a trend towards improved disease-free survival of single lesions by thoracoscopy rather than thoracotomy, which did not reach significance
		Percentage free from pulmonary recurrence at 3 years (actuarial)	Thoracoscopy group 43.1% Open group 19% P = 0.126
		Actuarial 3-year survival rate in solitary metastasis resection	Thoracoscopy group 58.1% Open group 46.3% P = 0.84
		Actuarial 3-year rate of freedom from tumour recurrence in solitary metastasis resection	Thoracoscopy group 50.0% Open group 12.6% P = 0.059
Watanabe et al. (1998), J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech, Japan [8] Historically controlled study (level 4)	27 patients undergoing thoracoscopic resection of 1–2 peripheral metastases measuring <3 cm diameter on CT, from 1992 to 1998 Of thoracoscopic patients, 23 (85%) underwent wedge resection, and 4 (15%) lobectomy. Five (18%) were converted to minithoracotomy 15 of these, patients had metastatic colorectal cancer, and were compared with 16 historical thoracotomy controls Follow-up 1–60 months	Median survival of all patients undergoing thoracoscopic resection	22 months No figures provided for open resection cohort	This historically controlled study demonstrated no difference in 3-year survival between thoracoscopic and open resection of colorectal metastases 3 (11%) thoracoscopy patients were reoperated for recurrence. Two were at port sites, and another recurrence in the lung. Figures for open surgery are not given Patients with three or more lesions were excluded, so results are not generaliszable to this population
		Median survival of patients with colorectal cancer metastasis (n = 15) undergoing thoracoscopic resection	23 months No figures provided for open resection cohort
		Three-year survival rate following pulmonary metastastectomy for colorectal cancer	Thoracoscopic resection 56.4% Historic thoracotomy control 48.6% No significant difference but no P-value provided