Table 3.

The role of Nrf2 in insulin resistance.

Insulin resistance and Nrf2	Regulation of Nrf2	Suggested mechanism	Reference
Nrf2↑→insulin resistance↑	Keap1-KD, Lep(ob/ob)-Keap1-KD mice	Regulation of genes involved in glucose uptake and tolerance	[20]
Nrf2↓→insulin resistance↓	Nrf2-KO mice	FGF21	[34]
Nrf2↓→insulin resistance↓	Nrf2-null mice, Keap1-KD mice	Hepatic expression of insulin like growth factor binding protein-1 (Igfbp-1) and FGF21	[35]
Nrf2↓→insulin resistance↓	Global Nrf2-KO mice Myeloid-selective Nrf2 deficiency mice	Inflammatory gene expression	[41]
Nrf2↓→insulin resistance↑	STZ-treated Nrf2-null mice	Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis-related genes	[42]
Nrf2↑→insulin resistance↑	Chronic iAs exposure	Inflammatory gene and GLUT4 expression	[44]
Nrf2↑→insulin resistance↓	Nrf2 agonist: oltipraz	AMPK signalling, p70S6 kinase, and GLUT4 expression	[27]
Nrf2↑→insulin resistance↓	Nrf2 agonist: ellagic acid	Attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation in liver	[28]
Nrf2↑→insulin resistance↓	Nrf2 agonist: curcumin	Muscular mitochondrial redox balance	[30]
Nrf2↑→insulin resistance↓	Nrf2 agonist: curcumin	Adipose, hepatic, and systemic inflammation	[31]
Nrf2↑→insulin resistance↓	Nrf2 agonist: resveratrol	Hepatic oxidative stress	[33]
Nrf2↑→insulin resistance↓	Nrf2 agonist: resveratrol	Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway	[47]
Nrf2↑→insulin resistance↓	Nrf2 agonist (Dh404)	ERK pathway	[48]