Figure 3.

Scheme of human demographic history with recent bottlenecks and expansions. Black line depicts human population, red line depicts ancestral and chimpanzee populations. t, age of the locus (∼560,000 generations ∼ 11.2 MYA); t₀, species split (∼290,000 generations ∼ 5.8 MYA); t₁, human migration out of Africa (∼10,000 generations ∼ 200,000 years ago); t₂, end of the last glaciation (∼600 generations ∼ 12,000 years ago); t₃, ad 0 (∼100 generations ∼ 2000 years ago); t₄, beginning of industrialization (∼9 generations ∼ 180 years ago).