Figure 1. Exposure to air pollution increases amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in the mouse brain.

Elevated endogenous mouse brain Aβ40 and Aβ42 in mice exposed to nickel nanoparticles (count median diameter 54 nm, at 1 mg/m ³) ( n = 16 per group) versus filtered air ( n = 5 per group) for 3 hours in a nose-only exposure chamber. Data presented as mean + SEM. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (Mann-Whitney test).