Fig. 3.

Effects of neonatal maternal separation (NMS; black bars) on two indicators or respiratory instability: (A) coefficient of variation (CV) of the breathing cycle and (B) the number of apneic events (apnea index) per unit time. NMS data are compared to that of controls that were undisturbed during the same period. These measurements were obtained in male and female pups under normoxic conditions. The middle panel shows representative plethysmographic recordings from control and NMS pups (males). The white and black arrows indicate a post-sigh and a spontaneous apnea, respectively. Data are presented as means ± 1 SEM. † indicates a mean statistically different from corresponding control value at p < 0.05.

From Gulemetova and Kinkead (2011), with permission.