Table 2.

Comparison of geophytes and sister non-geophytes

Node number	Geophyte	Non-geophyte	Distance	Cx (G)	Cx (N)	Relative increase	Therophyte contrast	Higher N ploidy contrast	Ephemeroid geophyte	Storage organ	Phylogeny
1	Aristolochia rotunda, A. fimbriata	Aristolochia clematitis	1	366	379	–0.03	No	No	No	Tuber
2	Ranunculus bulbosus	Ranunculus polyanthemos, R. sardous	1	5117	4522	0.13	Yes	No	No	Tuber	Hörandl et al. (2005)
3	Anemone narcissiflora	Hepatica nobilis	2	8776	15 174	–0.21	No	No	No	Rhizome	Ehrendorfer and Samuel (2001)
4	Anemone apennina, A. blanda, A. coronaria, A. hortensis, A. nemorosa, A. ranunculoides	Anemone sylvestris, A. virginiana	1	11 186	8314	0.35	No	No	Yes	Rhizome	Ehrendorfer and Samuel (2001)
5	Isopyrum thalictroides	Thalictrum simplex galioides	2	427	542	–0.11	No	Yes	Yes	Rhizome
6	Epimedium alpinum, Jeffersonia diphylla, J. dubia, Podophyllum emodi	Berberis vulgaris, Nandina domestica	4	5364	1746	0.52	No	No	Yes	Rhizome	Kim et al. (2004)
7	Sanguinaria canadensis	Chelidonium majus, Dicranostigma franchetianum	4	971	883	0.02	No	No	Yes	Rhizome	Gleissberg and Kadereit (1999)
8	Corydalis cava, C. intermedia, C. solida, C. pumila	Corydalis lutea	1	704	295	1.39	No	Yes	Yes	Tuber
9	Parthenocissus himalayensis	Parthenocissus tricuspidata	1	795	514	0.55	No	No	No	Tuber	Nie et al. (2010)
10	Oxalis acetosella, O. corymbosa, O. pes-caprae, O. spiralis, O. vulcanicola, O. linearis, O. megalorrhiza	Oxalis corniculata repens, O. dillenii	2	1643	282	2.41	Yes	Yes	No	Bulb	Oberlander (2009)
11	Passiflora quadrangularis	Passiflora edulis	1	2139	1557	0.37	No	No	No	Root	Muschner et al. (2003)
12	Mercurialis perennis	Mercurialis annua, M. huetii	1	787	669	0.18	Yes	No	No	Rhizome	Krähenbühl et al. (2002)
13	Euphorbia cf apios	Euphorbia helioscopia	1	717	438	0.64	Yes	No	No	Root	Frajman and Schönswetter (2011)
14	Lathyrus tuberosus	Lathyrus heterophyllus, L. latifolius, L. annuus	1	6029	7265	–0.17	Yes	No	No	Tuber	Kenicer et al. (2005)
15	Lathyrus laxiflorus	Lathyrus aphaca	1	8210	4519	0.82	Yes	No	No	Root	Kenicer et al. (2005)
16	Bryonia alba, B. dioica, B. verrucosa, Ecballium elaterium	Echinocystis lobata, Luffa cylindrica	4	1883	767	0.36	Yes	No	No	Tuber	Kocyan et al. (2007); Voltz and Renner (2008)
17	Begonia grandis, B. dregei, B. socotrana	Begonia luxurians	1	584	313	0.86	No	No	No	Tuber	Forrest et al. (2005)
18	Geranium tuberosum	Geranium columbinum, G. sanguineum	1	606	817	–0.26	Yes	Yes	No	Tuber
19	Cardamine bulbifera	Cardamine impatiens	1	307	178	0.72	Yes	No	Yes	Rhizome	Carlsen et al. (2009)
20	Tropaeolum tuberosum	Tropaeolum majus	1	1239	1154	0.07	No	Yes	No	Tuber	Andersson and Andersson (2000)
21	Impatiens omeiensis	Impatiens parviflora, I. glandulifera	1	1063	933	0.14	Yes	No	No	Tuber	Janssens et al. (2006)
22	Symphytum tuberosum	Symphytum officinale	1	671	635	0.06	No	No	No	Tuber
23	Vinca herbacea	Vinca minor	1	789	670	0.18	No	No	No	Root
24	Asclepias syriaca	Vincetoxicum hirundinaria	2	411	323	0.14	No	No	No	Rhizome	Sennblad and Bremer (2002)
25	Phlomis tuberosa	Phlomis russeliana	1	1982	2311	–0.14	No	Yes	No	Rhizome
26	Stachys affinis	Stachys sylvatica	1	1398	1136	0.23	No	No	No	Tuber	Bendiksby et al. (2011)
27	Scrophularia nodosa	Scrophularia umbrosa neesii, S. vernalis	1	676	470	0.44	Yes	Yes	No	Rhizome
28	Datura inoxia	Datura stramonium, D. quercifolia	1	2221	1795	0.24	Yes	No	No	Root
29	Solanum tuberosum, S. pinnatisectum	Solanum lycopersicum, S. etuberosum	1	773	803	–0.04	Yes	No	No	Tuber	Szinay et al. (2012)
30	Ipomoea batatas, I. trifida, I. tiliacea	Ipomoea quamoclit	1	799	619	0.29	Yes	No	No	Tuber	Huang et al. (2002)
31	Adoxa moschatellina	Sambucus nigra, S. racemosa, S. ebulus	2	20 106	10 898	0.42	No	No	Yes	Rhizome	Moore and Donoghue (2009)
32	Valeriana tuberosa	Valeriana officinalis, V. dioica	1	1616	1408	0.15	No	No	No	Tuber
33	Hacquetia epipactis	Sanicula europaea	1	1346	1054	0.28	No	No	Yes	Rhizome
34	Doronicum hungaricum	Doronicum austriacum	1	3762	3540	0.06	No	No	No	Tuber
35	Bellis sylvestris	Bellis perennis, B. annua	1	998	1476	–0.32	Yes	No	No	Rhizome
36	Helianthus tuberosus	Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris, H. debilis, H. niveus	1	3339	3250	0.03	Yes	No	No	Tuber	Timme et al. (2007)
37	Dahlia pinnata	Bidens frondosa, B. radiata	2	1056	918	0.08	Yes	No	No	Root
38	Cosmos atrosanguineus	Cosmos bipinnatus, C. sulphureus	1	3588	2225	0.61	Yes	No	No	Root
39	Scorzonera mollis	Scorzonera austriaca	1	2405	4979	–0.52	No	No	No	Root
40	Arisaema flavum	Pistia stratiotes	2	2480	284	3.87	No	No	No	Tuber	Tam et al. (2004)
41	Homalomena rubescens	Philodendron erubescens, P. squamiferum, P. pinnatifidum	2	8937	3621	0.73	No	No	No	Tuber	Tam et al. (2004); Gauthier et al. (2008)
42	Triglochin bulbosa	Triglochin maritima	1	863	590	0.46	No	No	No	Bulb
43	Narthecium ossifragum	Narthecium reverchonii	1	404	358	0.13	No	No	No	Rhizome
44	Ruscus aculeatus, R. hypoglossum, R. hypophyllum	Semele androgyna	2	8744	5921	0.24	No	No	No	Rhizome	Kim et al. (2010)
45	Asphodelus microcarpus, A. albus	Asphodelus fistulosus	1	3411	2452	0.39	No	No	No	Root	Lifante (1996)
46	Arrhenatherum palaestinum	Arrhenatherum elatius	1	4301	3474	0.24	No	Yes	No	Bulb
47	Hordeum bulbosum	Hordeum vulgare	1	3808	4890	–0.22	Yes	No	No	Bulb	Blattner (2004)

The table shows Cx-values, relative increase of genome size in geophytes, contrast with therophytes, contrast with non-geophytes, with a higher ploidy level than geophytes, presence of ephemeroid phenology in geophytes, type of storage organ in the geophyte (tuber, bulb, thick rhizome or tuberous root), and reference for the phylogeny used.