Table 2.

Risk factors for tardive dyskinesia⁶,¹²–²⁵

1. Age

2. Female sex

3. African-American race

4. Longer use and higher dose of neuroleptic agent

5. Preexisting mood disorder

6. Cognitive disturbance

7. Alcohol and substance abuse

8. Concomitant use of lithium and antiparkinsonian agents

9. Diabetes

10. HIV positivity

11. Typical neuroleptic agents

12. Early extrapyramidal symptoms

Abbreviation: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.