Table 1.

Pre-clinical and clinical developments of Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts

Species	Vascular graft/work	Site	Year	Ref.
Human	TEVs made of l-lactide and caprolactone scaffold and BMCs, transplanted into cardiac vessels into pediatric patients; no failure up to 32 months.	Pulmonary cavo	2001–2005	[53] [49, 54]
Sheep	Fibrin-based TEVs with vascular ECs and SMCs was successfully implanted.	Jugular Vein	2005	[13]
Sheep	Decellularized ovine pulmonary arteries seeded with autologous ECs and implanted.	Pulmonary artery	2006	[55]
Sheep	Ovine bone marrow progenitor cell-derived ECs and SMCs were seeded onto SIS and implanted into an ovine animal model. The bone marrow-derived TEVs demonstrated superior elastogenic potential.	Carotid artery	2007	[12]
Rat	Poly(L-lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds were seeded with BM-MSCs and implanted.	Carotid artery	2007	[56]
Human	TEVs generated from autologous dermal fibroblasts and venous Ecs were implanted in 10 patients for dialysis.	Arterio/Venous shunt	2007	[51]
Sheep	PGA scaffold coated with l-lactide and epsilon-caprolactone seeded with BM-MNCs and implanted.	Inferior venacava	2008	[57]
Pig	BM-MNCs were induced into ECs and SMCs in vitro, seeded onto porcine decellularized aorta, and implanted.	Abdominal aorta	2009	[58]
Rat	TEVs constructed with PEUU scaffolds seeded with MD-SCs and implanted.	Abdominal aorta	2010	[59]
Sheep	Fibrin-polylactide-based TEVs seeded with explanted Ecs and SMCs from carotid artery and implanted.	Carotid artery	2010	[33]
Sheep	Autologous bone marrow cells seeded on decellularized arterial scaffold and implanted in an ovine model.	Carotid artery	2010	[60]
Human	Autologous bone marrow cells were seeded on a biodegradeable PGA/eCaprolactone scaffold an implanted into single ventricle pediatric cases.	Cavo/pulmonary	2001–2010	[53]
Dog	Canine smooth muscle cells seeded onto polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffold. Decellularized and seeded with canine EC.	Coronary/Peripheral	2011	[8]
Pig	Porcine cell seeded PGA scaffold. Decellularized, seeded with autologous EC or EPC and implanted.	Carotid artery	2011	[38]
Rabbit	Establish a chronic total occlusion (CTO) model, atherosclerosis. Human osteblast seeded on polycaprolactone (CPL) scaffold and implanted, observed for occlusion.	Femoral artery	2012	[61]
Rat	Decellularized rat aortic arches were implanted, with eight week follow up.	Infrarenal aorta	2012	[62]
Rat	Heparin conjugated nanofiber matrix (1mm) implanted.	Carotid artery	2012	[63]
Dog	Canine decellularized arterial vessels implanted into arterial system.	Arterial	2012	[64]
Dog	Heparinized decellularized dog artery seeded with donor EPCs and implanted.	Carotid artery	2012	[41]
Sheep	Decellularized arterial scaffolds seeded with autologous EPC. Assessed for needle puncture and venous outflow.	Carotid/Jugular shunt	2012	[34]
Sheep	Autologous vascular cells seeded onto biodegradable PGA/P4HG. Followed up to 2 years and monitored MMP expression.	Pulmonary artery	2012	[36]
Sheep	SIS-based TEVs with HF-MSC in the wall and BM-EC in the lumen where connected in a arteriovenous loop to test short-term patency	Arteriovenous shunt	2012	[11]