Table 4.
Risk of incident AD associated with personality traits reported in each study, meta-analytic effect sizes and heterogeneity.
| Sample | Neuroticism | Extraversion | Openness | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rush Biracial13 | 1.338 (1.065–1.682) | ||||
| Rush MAP14 | 1.480 (1.143–1.918) | ||||
| ROS15 | 1.191 (1.008–1.408) | 1.093 (0.911–1.311) | 0.906 (0.760–1.080) | 0.900 (0.765–1.059) | 0.809 (0.692–0.947) |
| GEM16 | 1.390 (1.158–1.668) | 0.900 (0.745–1.087) | 0.780 (0.640–0.950) | 0.860 (0.711–1.041) | 0.760 (0.626–0.923) |
| BLSA | 1.371 (1.085–1.733) | 0.86 (0.687–1.077) | 0.889 (0.708–1.117) | 0.858 (0.680–1.083) | 0.692 (0.549–0.873) |
| Meta-Analyses (random model) | 1.326 (1.210–1.454) | 0.954 (0.824–1.105) | 0.858 (0.766–0.961) | 0.877 (0.786–0.979) | 0.767 (0.689–0.855) |
| Heterogeneity Q (p) | 2.6 (0.63) | 3.3 (0.19) | 0.2 (0.91) | 1.4 (0.51) | 1.2 (0.55) |
Rush MAP = Rush Memory and Aging Project; ROS= Religious Order Study; GEM = Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory study; BLSA=Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
All studies controlled for age, sex, and education. Ethnicity was an additional covariate in the Rush Biracial, GEM and BLSA. The Rush Biracial further adjusted for the presence of APOE-ε4 allele. The HRs from the ROS are from a model that included all five factors. The logHR and SE were scaled in the ROS, Rush Biracial, and Rush MAP study to correspond to the effect associated with 1 SD difference on the trait. For neuroticism (k=5, total N = 5054; incident AD, N = 607) and for each of the other 4 factors (k = 3, total N = 3342; incident AD, N = 382).