Table 1.

Molecular and neuronal targets of small molecule sleep regulators.

			Sleep Effects in:
Name/Class	Molecular Target/Activity	Putative Neuronal Sleep Target(s)	Mammals	Zebrash	Drosophila
Z-drugs	GABA-A agonist	Ascending Arousal System
	(α1 subunit)	(TMN, LC, dorsal raphe)	increased	increased	increased
Benzodiazepines	GABA-A agonist	Amygdala?	sleep	sleep	sleep
	(α1,2,3,5)
Doxepin	Histamine H1 receptor	Basal Forebrain, Cortex	increased	increased	?
	antagonist		sleep	sleep
Pitolisant	Histamine H3 receptor	TMN	increased	?	?
	antagonist		wake
Adenosine	Adenosine Receptor	Basal Forebrain, Cortex	increased	increased	increased
	A1, A2A Agonist		sleep	sleep	sleep
Caffeine	Adenosine Receptor	Shell of	increased	increased	increased
	A2A Antagonist	Nucleus Accumbens	wake	wake	wake
Modafinil	dopamine transporter	?	increased	increased	increased
	(DAT)Inhibitor		wake	wake	wake
Melatonin	Melatonin receptor	SCN, Reticular Thalamus	increased	increased	N/A
	MT1/MT2 agonist		sleep	sleep
Almorexant	Orexin receptor	Ascending Arousal System	increased	(orexin/hcrt	N/A
Suvorexant	OX1/OX2 antagonist	(TMN, LC, raphe)	sleep	increases wake)