TABLE 1.
Description of Included Studies (N = 21)
| Author, year | Study type | Method, study quality | Population and setting |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ahlberg et al., 2004 | Qual. | Moderate | N = 110 (60 female). In Sweden. From Somalia. |
| Allag et al., 2001 | Qual. | Low | N = 14 females. In France. From Ethiopia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal. Lived in France mean 9 yrs. 71% Muslim, 29% Christian. 100% FGM/C. |
| Berggren et al., 2006 | Qual. | High | N = 21 females. In Sweden. From Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan. Lived in Sweden med 7 yrs. Med age 35. 90% Muslim, 10% Christian. 100% FGM/C. |
| Chalmers & Hashi, 2000 | Quant. | Low | N = 432 females. In Canada. From: Somalia. 100% FGM/C. |
| Elgaali et al., 2005 | Quant. | Moderate | N = 315 (220 females and 95 husbands). In Scandinavia. From Northern Africa. Med age of women 21. 100% FGM/C. |
| Gali, 1997 | Qual. | Low | N = 50 females. In USA. From Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan. First generation or recent immigrant. Age 21–45. 62% Muslim, 36% Christian. |
| Gilette-Frenoy, 1992 | Qual. | Low | N = 41 (25 female). In France. From Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivre, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Zaire. |
| Guerin et al, 2006 | Qual. | Moderate | N = 64 females. In New Zealand. From Somalia. Age 27–48. 100% FGM/C. |
| Johansen, 20071 | Qual. | High | N = 70 (45 female). In Norway. From Somalia. Lived in Norway 1–7 yrs. Age 18–60. Most Muslim. Most infibulated. |
| Johnsdotter, 20092 | Qual. | Moderate | N = 33 female Ethiopians and male Eritreans living in Sweden. Most lived in West since 1980s. Age 28–69. Most Muslim. |
| Johnsdotter, 2003 | Qual. | Moderate | About 30 female and male Somalis living in Sweden. |
| Khaja, 20043 | Qual. | High | N = 17 females. In USA, Canada. From Somalia. Lived in USA or Canada mean 10 yrs. Mean age 41. Most Muslim. 100% FGM/C. |
| Litorp et al., 2008 | Quant. | Low | N = 40 females. In Sweden. From Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Somalia. Mean age arrival in Sweden 21. Mean age 32. 80% Muslim, 20% Christian. 93% FGM/C. |
| Lundberg &, Gerezgiher 2008 | Qual. | High | N = 15 females. In Sweden. From Eritrea. Lived in Sweden 10–22 yrs. Age 31–45. 87% Muslim, 13% Christian. 100% FGM/C. |
| Morison et al., 2004 | Mixed-methods | Highmoderate | N = 174 (94 female). In England. From Somalia. Mean yrs duration in UK 14. Mean age 18. 83% Muslim. 70% FGM/C. |
| Morris, 1996 | Qual. | Low | Sample size not reported. Female Somalis living in USA. 100% FGM/C. |
| Mwangi-Powell, 1999 | Quant. | Low | N = 15 females. In England. From Somalia. Age 20–65. 100% FGM/C. |
| Mwangi-Powell, 2001 | Quant. | Low | N = 85 (42 female). In England. From Somalia (48%), Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Emirates. Age 15–66. 85% Muslim, 10% Christian. 95% FGM/C. |
| Norman et al., 2009 | Qual. | High | N = 30 females. In England. From Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan. Age 25 and older. |
| Upvall et al., 2009 | Qual. | Moderate | N = 23 females. In USA. From Somalia. Lived in the USA 11–27 months. Med age 33. Most Muslim. 100% FGM/C. |
| Vissandjée et al., 2003 | Qual. | Low | N = 162 (96 female). In Canada. From 23 African countries. |
Legend: Med = median; Method. = Methodological; yrs = years; Qual. = Qualitative; Quant. = Quantitative. 1Adjunct publication for the study is Johansen (2006); 2Adjunct publications for the study are Johnsdotter (2002) and Johnsdotter (2007); Adjunct publications for the study are Khaja et al. (2009; 2010).