Table 2.
Association between neighbourhood air pollution and deprivation measures with ethnic differences in FEV1 and FVC.
| White UKa | Black Caribbean | Nigerian and Ghanaian | Other African | Indian | Pakistani and Bangladeshi | Mixed White/Black Caribbean | R2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L (95%CI) | % Decrease from White (95%CI) | |||||||
| FEV1 | ||||||||
| Baseline | 2.45 (2.42, 2.49) | –6.1 (–6.2, –6.4)⁎ | –8.2 (–8.7, –8.0)⁎ | –6.5 (–6.6, –6.4)⁎ | –6.5 (–7.0, –6.4)⁎ | –4.1 (–4.5, –4.0)⁎ | –3.3 (–4.1, –2.8)⁎ | 0.57 |
| Baseline+PM2.5 | 2.45 (2.42, 2.49) | –6.1 (–6.2, –6.4)⁎ | –8.2 (–8.7, –8.0)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –6.0)⁎ | –6.5 (–7.0, –6.4)⁎ | –4.1 (–4.5, –4.0)⁎ | –3.3 (–4.1, –2.8)⁎ | 0.57 |
| + N’hood Deprivation | 2.45 (2.42, 2.48) | –6.1 (–6.2, –6.0)⁎ | –8.2 (–8.7, –7.7)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –5.6)⁎ | –6.5 (–7.0, –6.0)⁎ | –4.1 (–4.5, –3.6)⁎ | –3.3 (–4.1, –2.4)⁎ | 0.57 |
| + Individual and family characteristics | 2.45 (2.42, 2.48) | –5.7 (–5.8, –5.6)⁎ | –8.2 (–8.3, –7.7)⁎ | –6.5 (–6.6, –6.0)⁎ | –7.8 (–7.9, –7.3)⁎ | –4.9 (–5.4, –4.8)⁎ | –2.9 (–3.7, –2.4)⁎ | 0.59 |
| Baseline+PM10 | 2.45 (2.42, 2.48) | –6.1 (–6.2, –6.0)⁎ | –8.2 (–8.7, –7.7)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –5.6)⁎ | –6.5 (–7.0, –6.0)⁎ | –4.1 (–4.5, –3.6)⁎ | –3.3 (–4.1, –2.4)⁎ | 0.57 |
| + N’hood Deprivation | 2.45 (2.42, 2.48) | –6.1 (–6.2, –6.0)⁎ | –8.2 (–8.3, –7.7)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –5.6)⁎ | –6.5 (–7.0, –6.0)⁎ | –4.1 (–4.5, –3.6)⁎ | –3.3 (–4.1, –2.4)⁎ | 0.57 |
| + Individual and family characteristics | 2.45 (2.42, 2.48) | –5.7 (–5.8, –5.6)⁎ | –8.2 (–8.3, –7.7)⁎ | –6.5 (–6.6, –6.0)⁎ | –7.8 (–7.9, –7.3)⁎ | –4.9 (–5.4, –4.8)⁎ | –2.9 (–3.7, –2.4)⁎ | 0.59 |
| FVC | ||||||||
| Baseline | 2.78 (2.74, 2.81) | –5.8 (–5.5, –5.3)⁎ | –8.3 (–8.4, –7.5)⁎ | –7.9 (–8.4, –7.1)⁎ | –7.6 (–8.0, –6.8)⁎ | –6.5 (–6.6, –5.7)⁎ | –2.2 (–2.9, –1.1) | 0.57 |
| Baseline+PM2.5 | 2.77 (2.74, 2.81) | –5.4 (–5.5, –5.3)⁎ | –7.9 (–8.4, –7.5)⁎ | –7.6 (–8.0, –7.1)⁎ | –7.2 (–8.0, –6.8)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –5.7)⁎ | –1.8 (–2.9, –1.1) | 0.57 |
| + N’hood Deprivation | 2.77 (2.74, 2.81) | –5.4 (–5.5, –5.3)⁎ | –7.9 (–8.4, –7.5)⁎ | –7.2 (–8.0, –7.1)⁎ | –7.2 (–8.0, –6.8)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –5.7)⁎ | –1.8 (–2.9, –1.1) | 0.57 |
| + Individual and family characteristics | 2.77 (2.73, 2.81) | –5.1 (–5.1, –5.0)⁎ | –7.6 (–8.1, –7.1)⁎ | –7.2 (–7.7, –6.4)⁎ | –7.6 (–8.1, –7.1)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –5.7)⁎ | –1.4 (–2.2, –0.7) | 0.59 |
| Baseline+PM10 | 2.77 (2.74, 2.81) | –5.4 (–5.5, –5.3)⁎ | –7.9 (–8.4, –7.5)⁎ | –7.6 (–8.0, –7.1)⁎ | –7.2 (–8.0, –6.8)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –5.7)⁎ | –1.8 (–2.9, –1.1) | 0.57 |
| + N’hood Deprivation | 2.77 (2.74, 2.81) | –5.4 (–5.5, –5.3)⁎ | –7.9 (–8.4, –7.5)⁎ | –7.2 (–8.0, –7.1)⁎ | –7.2 (–8.0, –6.8)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –5.7)⁎ | –1.8 (–2.9, –1.1) | 0.57 |
| + Individual and family characteristics | 2.77 (2.73, 2.81) | –5.1 (–5.1, –5.0)⁎ | –7.6 (–8.1, –7.1)⁎ | –7.2 (–7.7, –6.8)⁎ | –7.6 (–8.1, –7.1)⁎ | –6.1 (–6.6, –5.7)⁎ | –1.4 (–2.2, –0.7) | 0.59 |
Baseline: ethnicity, sex, age (log), upper body segment (log), temperature, pubertal stage; individual and family characteristics: migrant generational status, tobacco exposure (self and parental), socioeconomic status (standard of living, parental employment, household overcrowding), asthma status (individual and (grand)parental)); PM2.5: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm, PM10: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm, FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second, FVC: Forced Vital Capacity
P<0.05 (compared to White); L=Litres; 95%CI=95% Confidence Interval.
Reference group.