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. 2013 Sep 26;4:263. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00263

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Copyright © 2013 Koyama, Mendes and Mirth.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Organs differ in their sensitivities to nutrition in the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus. Nutrition affects the size of the wings (green) in proportion to the body. Other organs, such as the genital disc (orange), are less sensitive to changes in nutrition. This reduction of nutrition sensitivity is achieved by retaining high IIS/TOR signaling activity in low nutritional environments. In contrast, horn discs (yellow) show enhanced response to nutrition. Large males have disproportionately larger horns than small males. This hyperplastic response appears to be due to changes in organ sensitivity to nutrition via enhancing the IIS/TOR signaling activity. (Modified from Emlen et al., 2012).