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Pathways of Th9 induction. Naive CD4+ T cells can be converted to IL-9-producing Th9 cells via different molecular pathways. Depending on the presence or absence of OX40 costimulation, Th9 cells can develop from a subset of Th2 cells (shown in purple) or directly from CD4+ T-cell precursors under TGF-β/IL-4-polarizing conditions.
