Table 2.
Released chemokines/cytokines after ex vivo 24 hr of lipopolysaccharide stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
| Soluble factor1 | M1/M2 ratio | Pre | Day14 after RAPA treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| CXCL9 | 784 | 43 (10–76) | 2010* (40–4310) |
| CXCL11 | 212 | nt | nt |
| CCL19 | 81·5 | nt | nt |
| IL-6 | 44·3 | > 2631 | > 2631 |
| CCL3 | 38·6 | 365 (0·4–755) | 73 (04–819) |
| TNF-α | 31·1 | 406 (158–1007) | 427 (233–1108) |
| CCL4 | 16·9 | > 3506 (30–3506) | 556* (0·8–3506) |
| G-CSF | 15·4 | 884 (182–1718) | 2262* (909–3695) |
| IL-1ra | 15·2 | 514 (166–704) | 1089* (442–2140) |
| SCF | 14·3 | 16 (12–21) | 23 (12–41) |
| IL-1β | 12·5 | 806 (301–1353) | 1592 (256–2559) |
| CXCL10 | 9·8 | 196 (90–522) | 1519** (177–5826) |
| CCL5 | 9·8 | 540 (335–3436) | 539 (130–3165) |
| IL-12p70 | 8·1 | 40·2 (11·5–75) | 39 (11–65) |
| IFN-γ | 7·8 | 167 (105–464) | 330* (158–906) |
| IL-10 | 7·8 | 41 (24–226) | 136 (87–307) |
| CCL7 | 7·7 | 105 (39–194) | 46 (37–124) |
| IL-17 | 6·6 | 152 (176–70) | 204 (132–228) |
| VEGF | 6·4 | 44 (19–123) | 75 (70–175) |
| TNF-β | 5·8 | 13 (0·9–24) | 12 (5–60) |
| IL-2 | 4·9 | 40 (8–53) | 45* (37–72) |
| IL-12p40 | 4·1 | 938 (416–2543) | 1401 (885–2088) |
| TRAIL | 3·6 | 65 (53–72) | 72 (56–130) |
| ICAM-1 | 3·2 | 265 (132–344) | 428* (165–1213) |
| CXCL1 | 2·7 | 14 799 (2222–23 157) | 16524 (3477–27 962) |
| LIF | 2·6 | 183 (99–223) | 154 (121–215) |
| IL-3 | 2·5 | 174 (145–916) | 235 (144–901) |
| CCL11 | 2·4 | 80 (40–101) | 98* (95–139) |
| VCAM-1 | 2·3 | 100 (51–123) | 105 (72–169) |
| IL-9 | 2·2 | 29 (14–65) | 64* (30–76) |
| IL-13 | 2·2 | 7·6 (3·3–14·4) | 11* (6·6–80·9) |
| CXCL12 | 2 | 4121 (685–5141) | 4267 (3107–6870) |
| IL-16 | 2 | 82·1 (50–147) | 179 (95–353) |
| IL-2rα | 2 | 90 (46–119) | 80 (70–137) |
| PDGF-BB | 2 | 133 (34–343) | 333 (205–590) |
| IL-7 | 1·9 | 4·4 (2·1–6·8) | 4·07 (3·2–8·6) |
| HGF | 1·9 | 221 (66–267) | 273* (126–335) |
| IFN-α2 | 1·8 | 70 (61–80) | 68 (56–95) |
| M-CSF | 1·8 | 1465 (1227–1768) | 1421 (937–1863) |
| IL-5 | 1·8 | 0·97 (0·66–2·5) | 1·05 (0·67–2·5) |
| Basic FGF | 1·7 | 41·3 (25–81) | 64 (31–82) |
| IL-18 | 1·5 | 9·5 (6·8–13·8) | 12·6* (9–20) |
| IL-15 | 1·4 | 148 (41–352) | 260* (139–576) |
| IL-1α | 1·4 | 82 (43–180) | 147 (106–292) |
| CXCL8 | 1·3 | > 2062 | > 2062 |
| CCL27 | 1·2 | 31 (19–49) | 40** (37–52) |
| GM-CSF | 1·1 | 955 (152–3178) | 3186* (222–3427) |
| MIF | 1·07 | 122 (80–176) | 459** (151–1260) |
| SCGF-β | 0·79 | 6768 (117–15 465) | 6731 (117–15 331) |
| CCL18 | 0·23 | nt | nt |
| CCL13 | 0·1 | nt | nt |
| IL-4 | 0·01 | 5·6 (2·1–8·3) | 8·8* (5·8–11·1) |
Abbreviations: G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN, interferon; IL-6, interleukin-6; LIF, leukaemia inhibitory factor; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; SCF, stem cell factor; SCGF, stem cell growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TRAIL, tumour necrosis factor-α-related apoptosis inducing ligand; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Values in bold are statistically significant (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01).
Nt, not tested.
The table shows secreted cytokines/chemokines associated with TLR4 stimulation by LPS ranked according to their fold difference between M1 and M2 (M1/M2 ratio). Columns report the median (25–75 percentiles) of the concentrations (pg/ml) and represent data from 12 different donors. *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01 versus pre as assessed by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test.