Table 1.
Study |
Participants |
Length of Intervention |
Experimental Intervention |
Control Intervention |
Form of Measurement |
Result |
|||
Condition |
N |
Description |
n |
Description |
n |
||||
Manual therapy | |||||||||
Reid et al28 | Recurrent ankle sprain | 23 | 1 session | Weight-bearing movement with mobilization: 2 sets × 10 repetitions | 12 (Session 1: movement with mobilization; session 2: sham) | Sham mobilization: 2 sets × 10 repetitions | 11 (Session 1: sham; session 2: movement with mobilization) | Weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion | Increased weight-bearing dorsiflexion after movement with mobilization |
Vicenzino et al29 | Recurrent ankle sprain | 16 | Nonweight-bearing movement with mobilization: 1 session; weight-bearing movement with mobilization: 1 session | 1. Nonweight-bearing movement with mobilization: 4 sets × 4 glides; 2. weight-bearing movement with mobilization: 4 sets × 4 glides | 16a | No movement with mobilization | 16a | Weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion | Increased weight-bearing dorsiflexion after nonweight-bearing and weight-bearing movement with mobilization |
Collins et al30 | Grade 2 subacute lateral ankle sprain | 16 | 1 session | Weight-bearing movement with mobilization: 3 sets × 10 repetitions | 16a | 1. Placebo: sham mobilization; 2. control: no movement with mobilization | 16a | Weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion | Increased weight-bearing dorsiflexion after movement with mobilization |
Green et al31 | Acute lateral ankle sprain | 38 | Until full range of motion restored within 6 treatment sessions over the 14-d treatment period | 1. Rest, ice, compression, and elevation for 20 min; 2. passive anteroposterior small-amplitude oscillatory joint mobilization of the talus: 2 sets of 60 s | 19 | Rest, ice, compression, and elevation only | 19 | Pain-free ankle dorsiflexion with the Lidcombe template (100 N) | Increased dorsiflexion after joint mobilization. The joint mobilization group achieved full, pain-free dorsiflexion with fewer sessions. |
Therapeutic modalities | |||||||||
Sandoval et al32 | Grade 1 or 2 acute lateral ankle sprain | 27 | Until the participant reached the end of the treatment or until he or she completed the 8-wk treatment. Treatments were provided once a day with 5 sessions per wk. | 1. High-voltage pulsed-current electrical stimulation (+) for 30 min and conventional treatmentsb; 2. high-voltage pulsed-current electrical stimulation (–) for 30 min and conventional treatmentsb | High-voltage pulsed-current electrical stimulation (+) = 8; high-voltage pulsed-current electrical stimulation (–) = 9 | Conventional treatmentb | 10 | Ankle dorsiflexion with a goniometer | High-voltage pulsed-current electrical stimulation (+) = high-voltage pulsed-current electrical stimulation (–) = conventional treatmentsb |
Borromeo et al33 | Acute lateral ankle sprain | 32 | 3 treatment sessions within a 7-d period | Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (100% oxygen at 2 atm absolute pressure: 90 min for session 1 and 60 min for sessions 2 and 3) and standardized treatmentc | 16 | Air at 1.1 atm absolute pressure and standardized treatment | 16 | Active and passive dorsiflexion with a goniometer | Increased dorsiflexion over the course of treatment sessions in both groups |
Peer et al36 | Grade 1 or 2 acute lateral ankle sprain | 5 | Biomechanical muscle stimulation: 6 min; control treatment: 20 min | Biomechanical muscle stimulation (swisswing): 2 min each at 20 Hz on bottom of foot and gastrocnemius belly | 5a | 20 min of rest, ice, compression, and elevation | 5a | Active dorsiflexion with 20° to 30° of knee flexion using a goniometer | Increased dorsiflexion after the biomechanical muscle stimulation treatment |
Therapeutic exercises | |||||||||
Youdas et al34 | Grade 1 or 2 acute lateral ankle sprain | 21 | 6 wk | A standing static stretch to the calf muscle-tendon unit of the injured ankle Group 1: 30 s × 3 sets per day; group 2: 1 min × 3 sets per day; group 3: 2 min × 3 sets per day with a home exercise programd | 30 s = 7 1 min = 8 2 min = 7 | No control group | 0 | Active ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended using a goniometer | Increased dorsiflexion from baseline to 2-, 4-, and 6-wk measurements regardless of the duration of stretching |
Psychological intervention | |||||||||
Christakou et al35 | Grade 2 acute lateral ankle sprain | 18 | 4 sessions of the intervention phase and 12 sessions of imagery for 45 min | Relaxation and imagery program: 12 45-min sessions and physiotherapy programe (34.66 ± 4.33 d) | 9 | Physiotherapy program only (33.77± 4.57 d) | 9 | Passive dorsiflexion with a goniometer | Experimental = control |
The authors used the crossover experimental study design, and all participants received both experimental and control interventions.
Conventional treatment included crushed ice bag for 20 min with elevation and isometric and resisted active exercises in all degrees of freedom of the ankle joint until the limits of pain without weight bearing.
Standardized treatment programs included naproxen; rest, ice, compression, and elevation; range-of-motion and strengthening exercises; and proprioceptive training.
The home exercise program included active ankle range of motion; active resistive exercise to the affected ankle in all planes; proprioceptive training; and rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
Physiotherapy program included hydromassage, ultrasound, a laser device, range-of-motion exercises, strengthening exercises, proprioceptive training, cycling on a stationary bicycle, forward lunges against a wall, step-ups and step-downs, diagonal hops, and stretching exercises.