Table 3.

Significant R/S and Risk Factors Across 3 Stages of Progression to Alcoholism

	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3
	Time to drink 1		Drink 1 to at-risk use		At-risk use to AD
	Age	z-score	Period	z-score	Period	z-score
Demographic characteristics
Dad’s education > 12 years
Dad’s education —
Mom’s education > 12 years					all	+2.29
Mom’s education —	1–14	−3.28	all	+2.86	all	+2.56
	15–17	−2.95
Higher income ≥ $62,500			all	+2.65
Lower income ≤ $25,500	1–11	−2.36
	12–30	−3.07
Offspring age ≥ 21 years			all	−2.58	all	−3.57
Offspring race = African American			0–2 yrs	−7.40
			3–5 yrs	−2.93
Risk factors
Early onset ≤ 14 years	—	—			all	+2.66
Late onset ≥ 18 years	—	—
ADHD	1–17	+4.07
ODD [Time-variant]					all	+2.26
CD [Time-variant]	1–14	+2.70			all	+2.54
MDD [Time-variant]	1–14	+3.97			all	+2.44
PTSD	1–14	+4.08
Phobia					all	+2.16
Traumatic event (life at risk in an accident, disaster, witnessed a killing, raped, molested, physically attacked, abused, neglected, threat with weapon or kidnapped) [Time-variant]	1–17	+2.94			all	+2.44
Inconsistent rules when parented
Parent–child arguments (often)
Parental divorce or separation	1–14	+6.30
	15–30	+4.48
Religion/spiritual variables
Attendance (current)	all	−12.45	all	−3.66
Motivation-devotion	all	−2.48
Existential well-being					all	−2.68
Rules against any alcohol use			all	−2.17
Raised with a differentiating type of affiliation
Differentiating affiliation (current)	all	−4.91
Accommodating affiliation (current)			all	+2.54
Catholic affiliation (current)	12–30	+4.04	0–2 yrs	+3.69
			6+ yrs	+4.57
No affiliation (current)– reference group	—	—	—	—	—	—

Note. Positive z-scores reflect a higher hazard ratio, an increase in risk, an accelerated transition; negative z-scores reflect lower hazard ratios, a decrease in risk, a delayed transition (a protective effect). Positive z-scores are set in italic. Negative z-scores are underlined.