Table 2.

Immunosuppression and infection: Common associations

Antilymphocyte globulins (lytic depletion) and alloimmune response

T lymphocytes: Activation of latent (herpes)viruses, fever, cytokines

B lymphocytes: Encapsulated bacteria

Plasmapheresis: Encapsulated bacteria

Costimulatory blockade: Unknown so far; possible increased risk for EBV/PTLD

Corticosteroids: Bacteria, PCP, hepatitis B, possibly hepatitis C

Azathioprine: Neutropenia, possibly papillomavirus

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF): Early bacterial infection, B cells, late CMV

Calcineurin inhibitors: Enhanced viral replication (absence of immunity), gingival infection, intracellular pathogens

mTOR inhibitors:

Poor wound healing

Excess infections in combination with other agents

Idiosyncratic interstitial pneumonitis