Table 1.
Patient and skilled nursing facility (SNF) characteristics in 2008, by SNF volume
| SNF patient volume*
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low (<45) | Medium (45–107) | High (≥108) | |
| Number of patient admissions | 78890 | 235243 | 709638 |
| Number of facilities | 4952 | 4952 | 4953 |
| ------------Percent or Mean ± SD------------ | |||
| Patient characteristic | |||
| Discharge to hospital within 30 days of admission | 16.4 | 15.9 | 14.3 |
| Discharge to hospital within 90 days of admission | 27.3 | 25.9 | 21.5 |
| Age in Years | 79.0 ± 12.1 | 79.3 ± 11.5 | 79.6 ± 10.8 |
| <65 | 11.2 | 9.8 | 8.4 |
| 65–74 | 17.3 | 17.8 | 17.9 |
| 75–84 | 34.3 | 35.5 | 37.3 |
| ≥85 | 37.2 | 37.0 | 36.4 |
| Male | 38.3 | 36.6 | 34.1 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White | 83.4 | 83.4 | 85.1 |
| Black | 10.7 | 10.3 | 8.8 |
| Hispanic | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.4 |
| Other | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.8 |
| Education | |||
| <High school diploma | 33.0 | 29.7 | 21.1 |
| High school diploma | 40.0 | 42.1 | 45.2 |
| Some college/technical school | 15.9 | 16.3 | 18.5 |
| Bachelor degree or higher | 9.0 | 9.5 | 12.7 |
| Missing | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.5 |
| English as primary language | 96.6 | 95.7 | 95.8 |
| Married | 28.4 | 29.6 | 32.5 |
| Admitted from hospital | 80.2 | 87.1 | 93.3 |
| Presence of do-not-resuscitate order | 38.1 | 34.9 | 25.2 |
| Activities of daily living (0–28) | 16.0±6.5 | 16.7±5.8 | 16.9±5.1 |
| Cognitive impairment | 50.9 | 46.9 | 37.6 |
| Disease diagnosis | |||
| Diabetes | 33.8 | 35.0 | 33.4 |
| Other endocrine disease | 19.3 | 19.8 | 20.0 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 84.5 | 86.0 | 86.4 |
| Musculoskeletal disease | 42.4 | 43.7 | 45.9 |
| Dementia | 30.6 | 28.3 | 22.1 |
| Neurological disease except dementia | 28.4 | 27.4 | 24.0 |
| Anxiety disorder | 15.0 | 15.3 | 13.9 |
| Depression | 31.5 | 30.9 | 29.5 |
| Bipolar disorder | 2.8 | 2.1 | 1.6 |
| Schizophrenia | 3.3 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
| Pulmonary disease | 24.1 | 24.9 | 23.7 |
| Sensory disease | 11.5 | 11.0 | 10.8 |
| Other disease | 55.6 | 58.2 | 60.0 |
| SNF characteristic | |||
| SNF patient volume | 23.9 ±12.0 | 72.0 ±17.8 | 213.2 ±116.5 |
| Hospital-based | 6.6 | 5.3 | 7.8 |
| Profit status | |||
| For-profit | 65.8 | 70.3 | 70.2 |
| Non-for-profit | 27.2 | 25.5 | 26.9 |
| Government | 6.9 | 4.2 | 2.9 |
| Chain affiliated | 48.8 | 58.7 | 59.4 |
| Rural area | 45.6 | 32.2 | 13.7 |
*
P<0.001 for comparisons of all patient and facility characteristics across volume groups based on χ2 test or analysis of variance.