Table 2.

The Range of Motion at the Shoulder Joint in the Healthy Adult Population [7]

Motion	Ranges of Motion (Degrees)
	Dominant Side	Non-Dominant Side
Passive Abduction	165.7 ± 5.8	168.2 ± 18.9
Active Abduction	82.7 ± 12.0	92.2 ± 6.2
Adduction
Active	48.8 ± 6.0	52.4 ± 4.7
Passive	52.5 ± 6.0	56.6 ± 7.0
Internal Rotation
Active	95.5 ± 12.6	98.3 ± 9.4
Passive	102.2 ± 6.3	110.4 ± 5.8
External Rotation
Active	65.9 ± 9.4	69.6 ± 6.3
Passive	71.5 ± 9.4	75.2 ± 9.4
Flexion
Active	116.7 ± 8.6	122.9 ± 8.4
Passive	121.3 ± 5.5	125.1 ± 6.5
Extension
Active	27.7 ± 11.0	30.7 ± 9.4